- Research article
- Open Access
- Published:
Reaching consensus on the physiotherapeutic management of patients following upper abdominal surgery: a pragmatic approach to interpret equivocal evidence
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making volume 12, Article number: 5 (2012)
Abstract
Background
Postoperative pulmonary complications remain the most significant cause of morbidity following open upper abdominal surgery despite advances in perioperative care. However, due to the poor quality primary research uncertainty surrounding the value of prophylactic physiotherapy intervention in the management of patients following abdominal surgery persists. The Delphi process has been proposed as a pragmatic methodology to guide clinical practice when evidence is equivocal.
Methods
The objective was to develop a clinical management algorithm for the post operative management of abdominal surgery patients. Eleven draft algorithm statements extracted from the extant literature by the primary research team were verified and rated by scientist clinicians (n = 5) in an electronic three round Delphi process. Algorithm statements which reached a priori defined consensus-semi-interquartile range (SIQR) < 0.5-were collated into the algorithm.
Results
The five panelists allocated to the abdominal surgery Delphi panel were from Australia, Canada, Sweden, and South Africa. The 11 draft algorithm statements were edited and 5 additional statements were formulated. The panel reached consensus on the rating of all statements. Four statements were rated essential.
Conclusion
An expert Delphi panel interpreted the equivocal evidence for the physiotherapeutic management of patients following upper abdominal surgery. Through a process of consensus a clinical management algorithm was formulated. This algorithm can now be used by clinicians to guide clinical practice in this population.
Background
Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) remain the most significant cause of morbidity following open upper abdominal surgery (UAS)[1], despite advances in peri-operative care [2]. PPC's have been defined as "an identifiable disease or dysfunction that is clinically relevant and adversely affects the clinical course"[3]. This umbrella-term includes pneumonia, atelectasis, respiratory failure, bronchospasm and acute exacerbation of COPD [1]. Studies evaluating PPC as outcome do not always specify the specific disease and the criteria used for diagnosis are not consistent [1].
Pre- and postoperative physiotherapeutic treatment forms part of the overall care of major surgical patients to reduce the incidence of PPC [4]. In order to formulate best practice recommendations for the physiotherapeutic management of this population we developed a search strategy to identify empiric evidence published in the last 10 years. Through a systematic search of six databases we identified seven primary research reports [5–11] and six systematic reviews [12–18]. All the primary research reports were included in the reviews. These reports focused on the role of specific physiotherapy techniques used in the postoperative period. This includes the comparative effectiveness of different treatment modalities including ambulation, incentive spirometry, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and conventional physiotherapy including deep breathing exercises [5–11]. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews was acceptable scoring at least 8/10 on The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews Tool (AMSTAR). However the reviews were inconclusive. All reviewers commented on the poor quality of the primary research. This included ill defined outcomes [12, 15]; heterogeneity of populations and interventions [15]; and the majority of papers not being powered to produce a valid result [12]. Despite the published reports, uncertainties remain. These uncertainties are twofold: Firstly, is the routine application of physiotherapy intervention to all patients following UAS more effective than no intervention in preventing PPC's? Secondly, which physiotherapeutic management options are the most effective in preventing PPC's?
This uncertainty leaves clinicians working in this clinical area partly dependant on their own clinical experience when making decisions regarding individual patient management [19], thus resulting in variation in clinical practice. Variation in clinical practice in turn affects patient outcome and has therefore been one of the driving forces behind the development of evidence based practice. Clinical decisions about patient management incorporate a range of factors, although a necessary element should be the best evidence available, albeit limited. Practical approaches are thus required to assist clinicians in making the optimal management decisions. In recent years, Delphi expert panels have frequently been used in a range of medical fields to assist in the development of evidence based recommendations when only limited or equivocal evidence is available [20–22].
The prophylactic use of physiotherapy to prevent pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery was instituted at the beginning of the 20th century and as such is regarded as a standard of care [4, 12]. To justify the routine use of prophylactic physiotherapy after abdominal surgery, we need to be confident of efficacy and the minimal likelihood of harm. The flip side also holds true. Terminating this practice needs to be based on credible and generalisable reports of lack of benefit or increased likelihood of harm. Due to the poor quality of primary research reports systematic reviews have been unable to synthesize evidence, resulting in uncertainty. In order to bridge the gap between evidence and clinical practice, the aim of this paper is to develop an evidence based clinical management algorithm for the management of patients following abdominal surgery through a Delphi process of consensus.
This work represents a section of a larger study involving the role of physiotherapy in Intensive Care Units (ICU). A comprehensive evidence-based physiotherapeutic framework for the management of adult patients, admitted to a surgical ICU, was developed. A Delphi panel of twenty-seven identified research clinicians in the area was convened to validate the framework. Experts were divided into sub-groups on the basis of their publication record and were only required to comment on specific algorithms. This paper reports on the process followed by the abdominal surgery sub-group.
Methods
Ethical approval was provided by the ethics committee of Stellenbosch University and all participants provided informed consent. Study Structure: A three round Delphi process was used to develop the clinical management algorithm. Selection of Delphi panelists: Authors of peer-reviewed publications relating to the prevention of pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery, indexed in Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, PEDro, Science Direct, Cochrane or TRIP or published in the SAJP or SAJCC were eligible to participate. Researchers were excluded if they were not electronically contactable, or declined the invitation (Figure 1).
Instrumentation
An interactive website (http://www0.sun.ac.za/Physiotherapy_ICU_algorithm) linked to a password- protected database was developed to distribute information and collate responses from the Delphi panel. The website contained the original papers, the evidence synthesis reports (data extraction and quality assessment reports of systematic reviews), draft best practice recommendations and draft algorithm statements. The process described by Lobach and Kerner [23] was used to convert recommendations into algorithm statements. SH and QL developed the draft algorithm statements through deliberation and discussion of the information obtained during the data extraction process. Eleven draft algorithm statements were formulated. These statements were grouped into four categories. Category A included statements related to the coughing procedure; Category B, criteria for mobilization; Category C, breathing techniques; and Category D, mobilization options (Table 1).
The functionality of the database changed in relation to the specific round of the three round Delphi process (Figure 2).
Delphi study procedure
Each Delphi round lasted two weeks. During this time panelists had unlimited access to the database and an opportunity to add anonymous free text comments. Following each round, a summary of responses not registered on the database was communicated electronically to individual panelists by the chief investigator (SH) to provide an opportunity to complete responses. This individual communication was concerned with logistical issues and not related to content.
Data Analysis
The median (semi-interquartile range, SIQR) was calculated for each algorithm statement. Consensus for algorithm statements was defined a priori as a SIQR < 0.5.
Formulation of the final algorithm (Figure 3)
All statements which reached consensus were collated into a clinical algorithm using descriptors based on the median rating (http://www0.sun.ac.za/Physiotherapy_ICU_algorithm).
A consensus clinical algorithm for the management of patients following upper abdominal surgery. CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure; DBE: Deep breathing exercises; FET: Forced expiratory technique; FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen; IPPB: Intermittent positive pressure breathing; IS: Incentive spirometry; MBS: Modified Borg Scale; PEP: Positive expiratory pressure.
Results
The five panelists allocated to the abdominal surgery panel were from Australia, Canada, Sweden and South Africa and included four physiotherapists and a trauma surgeon. The draft statements were edited and five additional statements were formulated (Table 1).
In Category A: the panel agreed after the second round that it is essential to position the patient in a stable, supported upright sitting position and teach the patient to huff/cough with wound support as soon as possible following surgery. The panel agreed on the rating of all the statements in this category (4/4) after the third round.
The importance of coughing is supported by strong evidence from the systematic reviews [12, 16]. However the panel went further and decided it would be essential also to include management strategies to ensure effective secretion removal. These strategies are based on the collective clinical experience of this group. It includes positioning the patient out of bed and using interventions such as deep breathing, positive expiratory pressure (PEP), high-pressure PEP and CPAP in combination with forced expiration technique (or adjusted autogenic drainage). If these approaches failed, the inclusion of suctioning was rated as very important.
In Category B: two additional statements were formulated, and the structure of two statements was edited based on feedback from the panel. The structural editions of statements were related to being less prescriptive for example "Initiate mobilization when patient is presenting stable blood pressure and heart rate with less than 8/10 rating on pain scale at rest" was changed to "Perform a clinical evaluation of pain level". The panel agreed that prophylactic physiotherapy intervention following abdominal surgery was essential, but that the choice of intervention could either be mobilization or breathing exercises, but does not need to include both options.
The Delphi panel agreed that early directed mobilization was the first management option to consider. This choice is supported by the literature [16] and in line with the accepted physiological benefit of being up and mobile [24, 25]. The panel chose to rate both the intensity and frequency of a mobilization protocol as essential to the effectiveness of a management algorithm. This is an interesting result, since few studies have been undertaken that examine the effectiveness of mobilization as a therapeutic option for reducing PPC's. Although one study reported that time spent upright in patients after abdominal surgery was low at an average total of three minutes on the first postoperative day [26]. It is possible that this result and results from other patient populations may be influencing this panel consensus. There is a growing body of evidence that early mobility influences outcome in general ICU [27–29] and randomized trials supporting the role of mobilization after cardiac surgery [30]. Further research is needed to support the views of the panel in relation to mobilization practices in an abdominal surgical population.
In Category C: three additional statements were formulated and the content and structure of the remaining statement was edited. The statements that were added were related to the frequency of breathing exercises and the indication of which breathing techniques to include. The structural change to the one statement was to direct breathing exercise preference. The panel reached consensus on the rating of all statements after the third round. Prescribing frequent breathing exercises was the only statement rated essential in this category. While the evidence suggests that there is no difference in the effectiveness of the type of breathing exercises used to prevent PPC's in this population [12, 16], the panel agreed to include a hierarchy of breathing methods into the algorithm. The GRADE system [31] whereby the potential benefit (outcome) is weighed against the burden (financial and time related) of application and potential harm was used as a basis for the hierarchy. This hierarchy can be used as a guide by clinicians when choosing a breathing exercise. Deep breathing exercises (DBE)-using pursed lips breathing or inspiratory hold-was the first choice expressed through this Delphi process [32, 33]. This technique is not therapist or device dependent and was therefore accepted as the first choice.
The second choice agreed by the panel was positive expiratory pressure (PEP) by mask or bottle. This method is routinely used in the Nordic countries, and has been evaluated in several settings [10, 34]. While the PEP mask is costly and not always available, the same effect can be achieved with a blow-bottle technique and is thus regarded as a cheaper alternative of the PEP mask. The least likely choice is incentive spirometry (IS) [18] followed by intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB). Both these techniques are dependent on specialized equipment and therefore costly to the patient. Two systematic reviews reported no added benefit to deep breathing exercises [13, 14, 35]. In addition, IPPB would be the last choice because abdominal distention has been reported as potentially harmful and the technique is therapist dependent [14, 18].
Thirdly, the panel agreed that it is essential that the breathing exercises which are prescribed should be performed frequently. This decision is based on the clinical experience of this expert panel as no studies were identified through this process which could inform on the frequency of breathing exercises in this population. Studies investigating other populations, as well as the short-lived physiological effect of breathing exercises, could have influenced this panel's judgment [36].
Finally, based on the literature, this Delphi panel was in accord that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was useful as an adjunct to deep breathing exercises and as a preventative strategy in reducing complications [37]. In the presence of persistent hypoxaemia which is unresponsive to first line physiotherapy management, there is moderate quality evidence to suggest that CPAP intervention will reduce the risk of PPC's [37].
In Category D, two statements were reformulated into a single statement; while one statement was reformulated into two separate statements. The importance of the clinical judgment of the therapist in initiating mobilization is highlighted by the fact that the panel did not rate the inclusion of specific criteria as essential to the success of the algorithm. The two criteria that were rated as very important-the assessment of motor block in patients receiving epidural analgesia and the evaluation of pulmonary reserve-could guide this clinical decision. The panel rated the inclusion of active dorsiflexion while in bed as unimportant.
Discussion
Through a Delphi process of consensus this international panel formulated four statements which could form the interim basis for clinical practice in this population. Firstly, it is essential to position patients in a stable, supported upright sitting position and to teach them to huff/cough with wound support as soon as possible post operatively. Secondly the panel agreed that prophylactic physiotherapy intervention following abdominal surgery was essential. The choice of intervention could either be mobilization or breathing exercises, but does not need to include both options. Thirdly, it is essential that when breathing exercises are prescribed they should be performed frequently. Finally, this Delphi panel was in accord that CPAP was a useful adjunctive strategy to reduce complications in selected patients [37].
The importance of clinical expertise in the clinical decision-making process has been reported [38, 39]. However, ways in which this expertise can be defined and incorporated into evidence-based practice still need to be explored, specifically in grey areas of clinical practice. This report demonstrates that convening a Delphi expert panel could be a pragmatic way in which to provide directive to clinicians when empiric evidence is lacking or equivocal. Similar uses of this methodology have been reported in a range of medical fields to assist in the development of evidence-based recommendations, in the presence of limited or equivocal evidence [40, 41]. We used a novel approach in the formulation of the clinical management algorithm statements. Due to the gaps in the evidence base we incorporated a rating system for the algorithm statements. We did not discard statements which were not rated essential by the panel. We argued that lack of evidence does not equate to lack of benefit and therefore the management options should still be available for use. This facilitated the development of a hierarchical framework of available options for clinicians to consider when making a decision on the management of individual patients. In addition this report also highlights the use of a Delphi methodology as a robust way of reaching consensus on the formulation of best practice recommendations. The anonymity of the panellists throughout the process allowed all views to be considered, and provided panellists the opportunity to change their opinions based on the merit of the arguments presented. This process is in line with efforts by the World Health Organization to improve the science of guideline development [42].
We recognize that decisions made regarding the compilation of this Delphi panel could limit the external validity of the algorithm [43]. However the decision to limit the panel to researchers in this field was deliberate because it was expected that these researcher clinicians would be well informed on the clinical decision making factors pertaining to the management of patients following abdominal surgery [44]. We recognize that this decision necessarily implies the potential of a vested discipline specific interest in the prophylactic use of physiotherapy intervention. The inclusion of the trauma surgeon and the international profile of the panelists should alleviate some concerns. Secondly, the majority of reports published in this field over the past 10 years have focused on secondary synthesis of primary studies. This could explain the small number of researchers who qualified for participation. Finally, the sample was limited to researchers with a track record in the specific subject area. New researchers in this specific area of interest were therefore not included. These decisions are in line with current recommendations for Delphi panel composition [43, 44].
The interpretation of current available evidence combined with the clinical expertise of this international panel presented in this paper can now also form the basis for primary research in this population. The potential for type II errors in available research data for physiotherapy interventions following upper abdominal surgery is highlighted in this report. A beta error results in an erroneous conclusion that there are no differences between two treatment groups when it does exist [45]. This erroneous conclusion of underpowered studies has been reported across various disciplines [46–49]. Methodologists [50] argue that it is more likely within medical science that small but clinically meaningful difference exists between treatment groups. To detect these differences would then imply that large trials are required. Some methodologists have argued that the results of underpowered studies can be pooled in a meta-analysis and that all trial information is therefore of value [50, 51]. However, it has not been possible to use meta-analysis tools to combine the results of the many underpowered studies in this field, due to heterogeneity in populations, interventions investigated and outcomes measured [12].
Going forward, there is an urgent need for sufficiently powered clinical trials which report on the effectiveness of postoperative physiotherapy as a management option [52, 53]. To do this, rigorous clini-metric development of outcomes such as post operative pulmonary complications and length of postoperative hospital stay needs to be undertaken.
Conclusion
Due to the poor quality of the primary research, and the danger of beta errors in this body of work, uncertainty about the value of routine physiotherapy in the prevention of pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery, remain. Through a process of consensus, the international Delphi panel interpreted the equivocal evidence and, combined with the collective expert opinion, formulated an algorithm. This algorithm now provides clinicians with a hierarchical framework within which optimal clinical management decisions can be made at the bedside.
References
Smetana GW: Postoperative pulmonary complications: an update on risk assessment and reduction. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009, 76 (Suppl 4): S60-5.
Dronkers J, Veldman A, Hoberg E, van der Waal C, van Meeteren N: Prevention of pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery by preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2008, 22 (2): 134-142. 10.1177/0269215507081574.
Warner DO: Preventing postoperative pulmonary complications: the role of the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2000, 92 (5): 1467-1472. 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00037.
Brooks D, Parsons J, Newton J, Dear C, Silaj E, Sinclair L, Quirt J: Discharge criteria from perioperative physical therapy. Chest. 2002, 121 (2): 488-494. 10.1378/chest.121.2.488.
Denehy L, Carroll S, Ntoumenopoulos G, Jenkins S: A randomized controlled trial comparing periodic mask CPAP with physiotherapy after abdominal surgery. Physiother Res Int. 2001, 6 (4): 236-250. 10.1002/pri.231.
Mackay MR, Ellis E, Johnston C: Randomised clinical trial of physiotherapy after open abdominal surgery in high risk patients. Aust J Physiother. 2005, 51 (3): 151-159. 10.1016/S0004-9514(05)70021-0.
Bohner H, Kindgen-Milles D, Grust A, Buhl R, Lillotte WC, Muller BT, Muller E, Furst G, Sandmann W: Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure after major vascular surgery: results of a prospective randomized trial. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2002, 387 (1): 21-26. 10.1007/s00423-002-0281-2.
Manzano RM, De Carvalho CRF, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Vieira JE: Chest physiotherapy during immediate postoperative period among patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery: Randomized clinical trial. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2008, 126 (5): 269-273. 10.1590/S1516-31802008000500005.
Chumillas S, Ponce JL, Delgado F, Viciano V, Mateu M: Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications through respiratory rehabilitation: a controlled clinical study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998, 79 (1): 5-9. 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90198-8.
Fagevik Olsen M, Hahn I, Nordgren S, Lonroth H, Lundholm K, Marshall JC: Prophylactic chest physiotherapy reduced pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery. Evidence-Based Medicine. 1998, 3 (4): 106-
Fagevik Olsén M, Hahn I, Nordgren S, Lönroth H, Lundholm K: Randomized controlled trial of prophylactic chest physiotherapy in major abdominalsurgery. Br J Surg. 1997, 84: 1535-1538. 10.1002/bjs.1800841111.
Pasquina P, Tramer MR, Granier JM, Walder B: Respiratory physiotherapy to prevent pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: a systematic review. Chest. 2006, 130 (6): 1887-1899. 10.1378/chest.130.6.1887.
Overend TJ, Anderson CM, Lucy SD, Bhatia C, Jonsson BI, Timmermans C: The effect of incentive spirometry on postoperative pulmonary complications: a systematic review. Chest. 2001, 120 (3): 971-978. 10.1378/chest.120.3.971.
Thomas JA, McIntosh JM: Are incentive spirometry, intermittent positive pressure breathing, and deep breathing exercises effective in the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery? A systematic overview and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 1994, 74 (1): 3-10. discussion 10-6
Lawrence VA, Cornell JE, Smetana GW, American College of Physicians: Strategies to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144 (8): 596-608.
Conde M, Lawrence V: Perioperative care: Postoperative pulmonary infections. Clinical Evidence Concise. 2006, 15: 475-476.
Örman J, Westerdahl E: Chest physiotherapy with positive expiratory pressure breathing after abdominal and thoracic surgery: A systematic review: Review Article. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010, 54 (3): 261-267. 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02143.x.
Guimarães MM, El Dib R, Smith AF, Matos D: Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2009, 3
Morris AH: Treatment algorithms and protocolized care. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003, 9 (3): 236-240. 10.1097/00075198-200306000-00012.
Falkson CB, Bezjak A, Darling G, Gregg R, Malthaner R, Maziak DE, Yu E, Smith CA, McNair S, Ung YC, Evans WK, Lung Cancer Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario's Program in Evidence-Based Care: The management of thymoma: a systematic review and practice guideline. J Thorac Oncol. 2009, 4 (7): 911-919. 10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181a4b8e0.
Dernis E, Lavie F, Pavy S, Wendling D, Flipo RM, Saraux A, Cantagrel A, Claudepierrre P, Goupille P, Le Loet X, Maillefert JF, Mariette X, Schaeverbeke T, Tebib J, Combe B: Clinical and laboratory follow-up for treating and monitoring patients with ankylosing spondylitis: development of recommendations for clinical practice based on published evidence and expert opinion. Joint Bone Spine. 2007, 74 (4): 330-337. 10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.04.002.
Salliot C, Dernis E, Lavie F, Cantagrel A, Gaudin P, Wendling D, Claudepierre P, Flipo RM, Goupille PM, Le Loet X, Maillefert JF, Paul C, Saraux A, Schaeverbeke T, Tebib J, Combe B: Diagnosis of peripheral psoriatic arthritis: recommendations for clinical practice based on data from the literature and experts opinion. Joint Bone Spine. 2009, 76 (5): 532-539. 10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.03.004.
Lobach DF, Kerner N: A systematic process for converting text-based guidelines into a linear algorithm for electronic implementation. Proc AMIA Symp. 2000, 507-511.
Dean E: Oxygen transport: a physiologically-based conceptual framework for the practice of cardiopulmonary physiotherapy. Physiotherapy. 1994, 347-355. 80
Ross J, Dean E: Integrating physiological principles into the comprehensive management of cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Phys Ther. 1989, 69 (4): 255-259.
Browning L, Denehy L, Scholes RL: The quantity of early upright mobilisation performed following upper abdominal surgery is low: An observational study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2007, 53 (1): 47-52. 10.1016/S0004-9514(07)70061-2.
Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C, Taylor K, Harry B, Passmore L, Ross A, Anderson L, Baker S, Sanchez M, Penley L, Howard A, Dixon L, Leach S, Small R, Hite RD, Haponik E: Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36 (8): 2238-2243. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180b90e.
Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez L, Hopkins RO: Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit Care Med. 2008, 36 (4): 1119-1124. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f986.
Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, Spears L, Miller M, Franczyk M, Deprizio D, Schmidt GA, Bowman A, Barr R, McCallister KE, Hall JB, Kress JP: Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009, 373 (9678): 1874-1882. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9.
Stiller K, Montarello J, Wallace M, Daff M, Grant R, Jenkins S, Hall B, Yates H: Efficacy of breathing and coughing exercises in the prevention of pulmonary complications after coronary artery surgery. Chest. 1994, 105 (3): 741-747. 10.1378/chest.105.3.741.
Schunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD: Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 9. Grading evidence and recommendations. Health Res Policy Syst. 2006, 4: 21-10.1186/1478-4505-4-21.
Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Geraghty T: The yawn maneuver: prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary complications. Surg Forum. 1971, 22: 196-198.
Garrard CS, Shah M: The effects of expiratory positive airway pressure on functional residual capacity in normal subjects. Crit Care Med. 1978, 6 (5): 320-322. 10.1097/00003246-197809000-00004.
Ricksten SE, Bengtsson A, Soderberg C, Thorden M, Kvist H: Effects of periodic positive airway pressure by mask on postoperative pulmonary function. Chest. 1986, 89 (6): 774-781. 10.1378/chest.89.6.774.
Gosselink R, Schrever K, Cops P, Witvrouwen H, De Leyn P, Troosters T, Lerut A, Deneffe G, Decramer M: Incentive spirometry does not enhance recovery after thoracic surgery. Crit Care Med. 2000, 28 (3): 679-683. 10.1097/00003246-200003000-00013.
Westerdahl E, Lindmark B, Eriksson T, Friberg O, Hedenstierna G, Tenling A: Deep-breathing exercises reduce atelectasis and improve pulmonary function after coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest. 2005, 128 (5): 3482-3488. 10.1378/chest.128.5.3482.
Ferreyra GP, Baussano I, Squadrone V, Richiardi L, Marchiaro G, Del Sorbo L, Mascia L, Merletti F, Ranieri VM: Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of respiratory complications after abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2008, 247 (4): 617-626. 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181675829.
Jones M, Grimmer K, Edwards J, Higgs J, Trede F: Challenges in Applying Best EVidence to Physiotherapy Practice: Part 2-Health and Clinical Reasoning Models to Facilitate Evidence-Based Practice. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2006, 4 (4): 1-9.
Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS: Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 1996, 312 (7023): 71-72. 10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71.
Elwyn G, O'Connor A, Stacey D, Volk R, Edwards A, Coulter A, Thomson R, Barratt A, Barry M, Bernstein S, Butow P, Clarke A, Entwistle V, Feldman-Stewart D, Holmes-Rovner M, Llewellyn-Thomas H, Moumjid N, Mulley A, Ruland C, Sepucha K, Sykes A, Whelan T, International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration: Developing a quality criteria framework for patient decision aids: online international Delphi consensus process. BMJ. 2006, 333 (7565): 417-10.1136/bmj.38926.629329.AE.
Graham B, Regehr G, Wright JG: Delphi as a method to establish consensus for diagnostic criteria. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003, 56 (12): 1150-1156. 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00211-7.
Fretheim A, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD: Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 5. Group processes. Health Res Policy Syst. 2006, 4: 17-10.1186/1478-4505-4-17.
Keeney S, Hasson F, McKenna H: Consulting the oracle: ten lessons from using the Delphi technique in nursing research. J Adv Nurs. 2006, 53 (2): 205-212. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03716.x.
Hung HL, Altschuld JW, Lee YF: Methodological and conceptual issues confronting a cross-country Delphi study of educational program evaluation. Eval Program Plann. 2008, 31 (2): 191-198. 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.02.005.
Zlowodzki M, Jonsson A, Bhandari M: Common pitfalls in the conduct of clinical research. Med Princ Pract. 2006, 15 (1): 1-8. 10.1159/000089379.
Lochner HV, Bhandari M, Tornetta P: Type-II error rates (beta errors) of randomized trials in orthopaedic trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001, 83-A (11): 1650-1655.
Dane FC: Type II errors in 'Nurses' prediction of volume status after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study'. Crit Care. 2009, 13 (1): 402-10.1186/cc7705.
Lieberman MD, Cunningham WA: Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: re-balancing the scale. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2009, 4 (4): 423-428. 10.1093/scan/nsp052.
Bailey CS, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF: Type II error in the spine surgical literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004, 29 (10): 1146-1149. 10.1097/00007632-200405150-00018.
Moher D, Liberati A: Reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses: Asking authors, peer reviewers, editors and funders to do better. Med Clin (Barc). 2010
Glasziou PP, Shepperd S, Brassey J: Can we rely on the best trial? A comparison of individual trials and systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010, 10: 23-10.1186/1471-2288-10-23.
Grimmer K, Bialocerkowski A, Kumar S, Milanese S: Implementing evidence in clinical practice: the 'therapies' dilemma. Physiotherapy. 2004, 90 (4): 189-194. 10.1016/j.physio.2004.06.007.
Treweek S, Zwarenstein M: Making trials matter: pragmatic and explanatory trials and the problem of applicability. Trials. 2009, 10: 37-10.1186/1745-6215-10-37.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/12/5/prepub
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SH and QL generated the draft algorithm statements based on a systematic review of the literature. SH managed the three stages of the Delphi process. DB, LD, MF-O, TH, SM participated in formulating and rating evidence based statements. SH and QL participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. SH and QL conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All authors contributed to the draft manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Hanekom, S.D., Brooks, D., Denehy, L. et al. Reaching consensus on the physiotherapeutic management of patients following upper abdominal surgery: a pragmatic approach to interpret equivocal evidence. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 12, 5 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-12-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-12-5
Keywords
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Intervention
- Delphi Process
- Physiotherapy Intervention
- Breathing Exercise