Skip to content

Advertisement

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Study protocol
Open Access
Open Peer Review

This article has Open Peer Review reports available.

How does Open Peer Review work?

A study protocol of the effectiveness of PEGASUS: a multi-centred study comparing an intervention to promote shared decision making about breast reconstruction with treatment as usual

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision MakingBMC series – open, inclusive and trusted201717:143

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-017-0543-0

©  The Author(s). 2017

Received: 4 August 2017

Accepted: 18 September 2017

Published: 2 October 2017

Open Peer Review reports

Abstract

Background

Increasingly, women elect breast reconstruction after mastectomy. However, their expectations of surgery are often not met, and dissatisfaction with outcome and ongoing psychosocial concerns and distress are common. We developed a patient-centered intervention, PEGASUS:(Patients’ Expectations and Goals: Assisting Shared Understanding of Surgery) which supports shared decision making by helping women clarify their own, individual goals about reconstruction so that they can discuss these with their surgeon. Our acceptability/feasibility work has shown it is well received by patients and health professionals alike. We now need to establish whether PEGASUS improves patients’ experiences of breast reconstruction decision making and outcomes. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine the effectiveness of PEGASUS, an intervention designed to support shared decision making about breast reconstruction.

Methods

A multi-centered sequential study will compare the impact of PEGASUS with usual care, in terms of patient reported outcomes (self-reported satisfaction with the outcome of surgery, involvement in decision making and in the consultation) and health economics. Initially we will collect data from our comparison (usual care) group (90 women) who will complete standardized measures (Breast-Q, EQ5D -5 L and ICECAP- A) at the time of decision making, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Health professionals will then be trained to use PEGASUS, which will be delivered to the intervention group (another 90 women completing the same measures at the time of decision making, and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery). Health professionals and a purposefully selected sample of participants will be interviewed about whether their expectations of reconstruction were met, and their experiences of PEGASUS (if appropriate).

Discussion

PEGASUS may have the potential to provide health professionals with an easily accessible tool aiming to support shared decision making and improve patients’ satisfaction with breast reconstruction. Results of this study will be available at the end of 2019.

Trial registration

ISRCTN 18000391 (DOI 10.1186/ISRCTN18000391) 27/01/2016.

Keywords

PegasusBreast reconstructionShared decision makingBreast cancerMastectomyRisk reducing mastectomyDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Background

Mastectomy can have a considerable, long-term psychosocial impact for women worldwide. In England alone, more than 15,000 women undergo mastectomy each year and over 5000 elect breast reconstruction (BR) to surgically recreate a breast shape [1]. Options regarding BR timing and type are numerous, requiring women to make complex decisions amidst the emotional upheaval associated with cancer. Although BR aims to improve quality of life and appearance concerns, a national audit [1] reported worrying levels of dissatisfaction with surgical outcome, supporting previous reports of ongoing pain [2] and scarring [3]. BR is not a panacea for the distress of mastectomy [4] - almost half patients report some regret [5].

Women seeking BR anticipate it will restore a sense of ‘normality’, but their expectations of outcomes are often unclear [6, 7]. The decision is ‘preference-sensitive’ [8] because the ‘right choice’ depends on individuals’ personal preferences rather than generic treatment factors. Clarifying each patient’s preferences and values is imperative, central to shared decision making (SDM) [9] and key to patient-centred care [10]. However, treatment decision making often triggers breakdowns in communication between patients and health professionals (HPs) [11]. Patients and health professionals differ when rating the importance of facts and goals guiding decisions about reconstruction [8]. Whilst women make choices by drawing comparisons with their pre-cancer appearance, health professionals draw on their clinical experience of a wider range of post-surgical outcomes including appearance, pain, impact on physical activities, body image and wellbeing.

Women dissatisfied with the outcome of BR may seek further, corrective surgery (with implications for healthcare resources and distress for patients), and may maintain avoidance behaviours (e.g. intimacy, clothing choices) that BR was intended to reduce [6]. We surmise that if women have realistic expectations, then patient dissatisfaction, well-being and requests for additional surgery would improve. Although HPs need to ask women about their priorities and concerns [8], promote realistic expectations [12, 13], and support them making high quality decisions by empowering them through SDM [14], there are no interventions to help them elicit patients’ values, expectations and preferences. Instead, support typically focuses on information provision (e.g. websites, leaflets). However, increasing the amount of information available does not address erroneous expectations since it reinforces patients as passive recipients rather than actively engaged in setting clear, patient-centred goals (an approach associated with positive experiences and outcomes [15]. SDM has been heralded as a means of improving patient reported outcomes and satisfaction with cancer care [16] (particularly concerning preference sensitive decisions [17]) but implementation is difficult and slow [18]. Some decision aids for mastectomy patients are available [19, 20] but these are not BR-specific or focused around a face-to-face discussion centred on patients’ individual needs and the practicalities and possibilities of surgery. Nor do they explicitly help HPs and patients with the challenge of implementing SDM in this difficult and emotive situation. Clinicians report concerns that online interventions such as BRESDEX.com cannot be tailored to patients’ individual needs, and could replace nurses’ roles and induce patient anxiety if not provided under clinical supervision [20]. Recently, attention has shifted to decision coaching to facilitate patients’ preparation for SDM about preference sensitive decisions [21].

We developed an intervention to facilitate SDM by specifically helping patients and HPs clarify each woman’s motivations for BR (PEGASUS: Patients’ Expectations and Goals: Assisting Shared Understanding of Surgery) which is designed to elicit each patient’s own expectations of what she wants BR to achieve, facilitate setting patient centred goals (what she considers a successful outcome), and aid discussion of both physical and psychosocial expectations, goals and outcomes with their surgical team. PEGASUS is delivered to women previously informed about their reconstructive options, since physique and health status may render some procedures inappropriate. Unlike a purely paper-based intervention [19], PEGASUS involves meeting a decision facilitator (a specialist nurse/psychologist trained in its use who is referred to as the PEGASUS Coach) during which the patient is helped to identify her individual BR goals, what would indicate a successful outcome and the importance of each goal. She takes the completed PEGASUS sheet into the surgical consultation where it is used to inform shared goals and promote concordance between the patient and surgeon, so they approach surgical outcomes as a shared endeavour [22].

Interventions encouraging patients to prepare for and actively engage in consultations effectively improve satisfaction and health outcomes [23, 24]. PEGASUS facilitates the disclosure and discussion of expectations, enabling the surgeon to decide the extent to which they are realistic and, if necessary, take appropriate steps to address unrealistic expectations (e.g. explain the likely outcomes further, show more photographs). PEGASUS is a novel, well-accepted intervention that helps women express what they want and assist health professionals ‘diagnose’ their patients’ preferences – failure to do this is common and warrants interventions to “transform the role of patients in the NHS from passive users into active and engaged partners in care” ([25] pviii). Our work follows recommendations for developing and evaluating complex interventions [26]. Feasibility and acceptability testing is complete (conducted under NRES reference 11/NW/0788) and showed that PEGASUS is acceptable to both patients and health professionals alike [27]. We now need to establish whether using PEGASUS offers benefits over usual care – this is the aim of the current study.

Method

The main research question

  • Is a patient-centred, goal-focussed intervention (PEGASUS) that was developed to support shared decision making (SDM) for women contemplating breast reconstruction (BR) effective in terms of patient reported outcomes and costs?

Aims of the study

  • To assess the efficacy of an intervention designed to:

    • ◦ elicit patients’ expectations of what reconstructive breast surgery will achieve

    • ◦ facilitate setting of patient-centred goals

    • ◦ facilitate discussion of these expectations and goals with the patient’s surgical team.

  • To explore whether the PEGASUS intervention improves patient reported outcomes (Breast Q) and reduces decisional conflict amongst women offered the option of breast reconstruction.

  • To explore the economic costs of delivering the PEGASUS intervention compared with the costs of treatment as usual.

  • To explore patients’ and health professionals’ experiences of using the PEGASUS intervention and its implementation within breast reconstruction services.

The research will be overseen and informed by the expertise of an advisory group consisting of patient representatives, a surgeon, clinical psychologist, specialist nurse, breast cancer charity representative and members of the research team.

Design

A mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods), multi-centred, non-randomised between subjects, before-and-after design comparing usual care (control) with the intervention (PEGASUS). Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) are not necessarily suited for psychosocial research [28]. In this study it is inappropriate to randomize participants since contamination effects between conditions are likely if surgeons must focus some consultations around the patient goals offered by PEGASUS, but revert to usual care in others. In this non-randomised design, the control group comprises consenting patients receiving usual care. On completion of the control group recruitment, the health professionals receive PEGASUS training, prior to intervention group recruitment. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a selection of participants and health professionals involved in the PEGASUS intervention condition. Intervention consultations will be recorded (with permission) and assessed against a study-specific checklist to check the fidelity of the intervention.

Trial design characteristics

The characteristics of the PEGASUS trial were assessed using PRECIS-2 [29]. PRECIS-2 is a tool specifically designed to assess trial design on a continuum of pragmatic-explanatory across nine criteria: eligibility, recruitment, setting, organisation, flexibility delivery, flexibility adherence, follow-up, primary outcome and primary analysis. Pragmatic trials aim to explore whether an intervention works in real-life settings whereas exploratory trials aim to explore whether an intervention works under ideal conditions [29, 30]. Figure 1 illustrates the trial design based on the nine criteria. Eligibility, recruitment, setting, follow-up and primary analysis follow a pragmatic approach, whereas organisation, flexibility delivery, flexibility adherence and primary analysis fall along the pragmatic-explanatory continuum.
Fig. 1

PRECIS-2

Sites

Data collection will take place at hospital sites (Bristol, Bath, Truro, Winchester, and Cardiff) with comprehensive breast reconstruction services. The researcher will maintain weekly contact with each site, where clinic staff will identify eligible participants, provide study information and give the researcher the details of those who consent to participate.

Sample size

One hundred eighty women over the age of 18 who have been diagnosed with breast cancer or DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma in Situ) or are seeking risk reducing surgery due to a strong family history of breast cancer, and who are considering breast reconstruction following mastectomy. We will record how many women are eligible for the study, how many participate and record reasons for refusal, where possible.

Power calculations

The primary outcome measure is the Breast-Q (breast reconstruction) [31] with psychosocial wellbeing, sexual well-being, physical well-being and 5 satisfaction subscales applicable pre- and post-op and an expectations subscale applicable pre-operatively only. Sample size has been determined to ensure the simple comparison between the two groups 3–month post-operatively has at least 90% power (beta <= .20) using contemporary levels of significance (alpha = .05) in a two-sided test as this will ensure similar power requirements will be met for within group comparisons and for the anticipated interaction effect in the two-way ANOVA. An a priori power analysis based on a two-sided application of the independent samples t-test with an assumed lower estimate of a medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.5) indicates that at least 90% power would be achieved with a sample size of n = 90 per group. This stated power equates to at least 75% of women doing better in PEGASUS than they would have done with treatment as usual.

Exclusion criteria

Women who, for any reason, are unsuitable for breast reconstruction or unable to participate in an intervention and study conducted in English will not be eligible to participate. We acknowledge this limitation, but do not currently have the resources needed to offer PEGASUS in other languages. If this study is successful we will explore its use with women with limited English proficiency (LEP) in future research.

Intervention training

Specialist nurses, psychologists and surgeons at each site will be trained to use PEGASUS by AC (the clinical psychologist in the study team) and the study researcher (NP). Face-to-face training will be supplemented by a manual and video footage demonstrating its use, accessible throughout the study. Feedback on this training (elicited in the health professional interviews and questionnaires at the training sessions) will identify whether edits are needed prior to making training resources available through the PEGASUS website (www.pegasusdecisionmaking.com) in any subsequent roll-out of the intervention.

Procedure (see Additional file 1)

Potential participants will be identified by clinic staff at each site from appropriate clinic lists.

At each participating site, the control group will be recruited before recruitment to the intervention condition begins. Staff will be trained in the use of the intervention once control group recruitment has been completed at their site.

Women identified as being eligible for the control (usual care) group will be given the study information sheet together with a consent form and questionnaire booklet and a stamped – return addressed envelope. Clinic staff will provide these materials and be on hand to address any questions from potential participants (and will contact the research team for assistance if there are any questions they are unable to answer).

Women identified as being eligible for the intervention group will be given the study information sheet, and the opportunity to ask questions about the study. Those interested in taking part will be given a consent form and an appointment at which they will complete the PEGASUS intervention - this appointment will be not less than 24 h after they have first been told about the study (exact details will depend on the specific study site).

During the intervention consultation, women who have chosen to take part in this study will have a discussion with the trained PEGASUS coach that will be aimed at clarifying their explicit goals and expectations about reconstructive surgery. Together, the coach and patient will complete the PEGASUS sheet – a single piece of paper which will summarise the conversation and list explicitly what the patient is hoping breast reconstruction will achieve. The participant will then take this PEGASUS sheet into their consultation with the breast reconstruction surgeon, who will have been trained to use the sheet, to encourage a discussion about the woman’s expectations, thereby framing the surgical discussion in terms of what it is that the patient is hoping to achieve.

We will seek consent from women in the intervention condition to record their PEGASUS consultations in order that we can assess the fidelity of the intervention.

We will ask all participants to complete the following self-report measures in the questionnaire booklet at baseline (i.e. pre-intervention for those in the PEGASUS condition, equivalent timing for those in the control condition) and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery, together with visual analogue scales (VAS) to assess the extent to which expectations/goals have been met, and satisfaction with decision making and care. Measures will be available for completion in paper format and online. Statistical analysis will examine changes in the self-report scores over time.

Measures

Primary outcome measure

Breast-Q (reconstruction or mastectomy versions, as appropriate) [31] is a widely used measure of quality of life specific to breast reconstruction.

Secondary outcome measures

EQ-5D-5 L (a measure of health-related quality of life) [32] and ICECAP-A [33] capabilities (what participants want to be able to do in various key aspects of life), shared decision making (Decisional Conflict scale [34], CollaboRATE [35] and visual analogue scales) and Decisional Regret (Decisional Regret Scale) [36].

Cost-utility analyses will be undertaken from a funder perspective over the timeframe of the study. Resources used at each stage of shared decision making will be recorded using a study-specific resource use checklist tool, which will be used with prices from published sources to estimate unit costs. Costs will be expressed in 2017 prices and uprated in line with inflation. Funder incremental costs (shared decision making with PEGASUS versus usual care) will be related to incremental change in EQ-5D-5 L scores to estimate (cost per Quality adjusted Life Year gained):

• Cost per Quality-adjusted Life Year gained based on the EQ5DL scores

• Average cost of implementing PEGASUS per site

• Average cost per patient

• Cost per hour of shared decision making

Analysis

The analyses will be described in detail in a full Statistical Analysis Plan but, in brief, the design permits a robust statistical analysis using a linear mixed model with random intercepts for longitudinal data, a one-way ANCOVA with baseline pre-op measure as a covariate, and t-tests for prior reasoned group comparisons. An adjusted ANCOVA will be used to account for the between-subjects non-equivalent groups design and this will prevent an overestimation of treatment effect due to measurement error. Primary analyses will be performed under multiple imputation using Multiply Imputed Chained Equations (MICE) and repeated on a complete basis. Data validity checks and missing values analysis will be undertaken prior to descriptive and inferential analysis. PEGASUS is intended for use with any surgical group and we will compare delayed with immediate reconstruction patients for any systematic differences in outcome.

Interviews

We will conduct a nested qualitative study that will involve semi-structured interviews with around 32 patients (8 per site; 4 intervention, 4 control) and 20 health professionals (PEGASUS Coaches and surgeons; 5 per site), exploring experiences of PEGASUS (where appropriate), patients’ expectations of reconstruction and if these were met. Patient interviews will be conducted around the 12 month follow up data collection, using Breast-Q scores (high, middle, low) to purposefully sample to ensure interviews are conducted with patients with varying outcomes. Telephone interviews will be conducted if preferred by the patient or health professional, or if face-to-face is not possible. Face-to-face interviews will be conducted at a time and place of the interviewee’s choosing (following standard University protocols for safe lone working). Interview recordings will be transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis [37]. Findings will be agreed by the research team, with feedback from the advisory group. Participants’ goals and expectations on the PEGASUS forms will be subjected to content analysis.

Data storage/confidentiality

A data protection document describes the study’s safeguards for the storage and protection of confidential information, both held manually and on computers. This document is guided by the Caldicott principles for handling patient-identifiable information, The UK Data Protection Act (1998) [38] and Good Clinical Practice guidance [39]. All data will be treated as confidential. Only members of the research team who are also members of the breast reconstruction service at the participating sites will examine clinic and medical records in order to identify potential participants. Once consented, the research team based at the university may require access to participants’ medical records in order to collect and check health economic data. Permission to do this will be included on the participant consent form. Audio files (interviews and consultation recordings) and data will be stored on a password protected computer accessible only by the research team. Completed questionnaires and consent forms will be stored separately, in a locked filing cabinet.

Research governance, safety and the conduct of the study

It was agreed that an independent data monitoring committee was not necessary and interim analyses will not be conducted. A PEGASUS steering group will be set up with an independent chair and members and will meet every 6 months. The steering group will provide advice and supervision of the study and will focus on the progress of the study, approaches to improve adherence, the collection of follow-up data, participant safety and consideration of new information. The management team (consisting of the principle investigator, clinical psychologist, researcher, health economist and statistician) will meet once-a-month to discuss study progress, protocol adherence and amendments for ethical approval. Access to the final dataset will be restricted to members of the study management group.

Dissemination of research findings

Members of our steering and management groups will provide expert advice on the dissemination of the main outcomes to participants. The findings of this study will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals. Dissemination of the findings to health professionals and organisations supporting women with breast cancer will be planned and developed with stakeholders throughout the study.

Study approvals

This study has been approved by the NRES Committee South Central - Berkshire B (reference 15/SC/0331) and the Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of the West of England, Bristol. All necessary R&D approvals have been granted by the NHS study sites. The study has been accepted on the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network (CRN) Portfolio.

Research Sponsor: University of the West of England, Bristol.

Timeframe of the study

The trial started on the 1st of July 2015 and will be completed in June 2019.

Discussion

This study will establish whether the PEGASUS intervention offers benefits over usual care for women offered the option of breast reconstructive surgery. Since it focuses on each patient’s individual, personal goals, PEGASUS offers a tool to support health professionals who are looking to provide patient-centred individualized care for women facing the choice of whether or not to undergo breast reconstruction of any sort and at any time (as an immediate or delayed procedure). It is not limited to any particular type or timing of reconstructive surgery since it is delivered after a patient has been given information by her surgical team about the particular procedures for which she is deemed to be a suitable candidate. We will collate information about the decisions women make about reconstructive surgery, as well as details of their diagnosis and other treatment in order to describe our sample.

This study does not employ randomization for the reasons outlined above. Instead, we are employing a rigorous design that is best suited to this specific clinical situation.

We plan future research to explore the acceptability and feasibility of the PEGASUS intervention with other patient groups, including adults seeking cosmetic surgical procedures and young people with craniofacial conditions.

Abbreviations

ANOVA: 

Analysis of variance

BR: 

Breast reconstruction

DCIS: 

Ductal carcinoma in situ

LEP: 

Limited English proficiency

MICE: 

Multiply imputed chained equations

NHS: 

National Health Service

PEGASUS: 

Patients’ Expectations and Goals: Assisting Shared Understanding of Surgery

RCT: 

Randomised controlled trials

SDM: 

Shared decision making

VAS: 

Visual analogue scales

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the members of the PEGASUS Breast Reconstruction Trial Steering Committee (Nicola Walsh (chair), Elisabeth Baker, Esther Hanson, Nicola Carson, Simon Cawthorn, Jennifer Finnegan-John, Fiona Kennedy, Amanda Longley, Caroline Oates and Sarah Sawyer) for their support.

PEGASUS Protocol version 1. Last modified 24/04/15.

Funding

This study is funded by a Breast Cancer Now project grant (reference 2014NovPR415).

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions

DH is the chief investigator. All co-investigators (DH, NP, PW, JP, AC) contributed to the study design and protocol. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study has been approved by the NRES Committee South Central - Berkshire B (reference 15/SC/0331) and the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of the West of England, Bristol. All necessary R&D approvals have been granted by the NHS study sites. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Health & Social Sciences, Centre for Appearance Research, Faculty of Health & Applied Sciences University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
(2)
Department of Engineering Design & Mathematics, Faculty of Environment & Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
(3)
Public Health and Well Being Research Group, Department of Health & Social Sciences, Faculty of Health & Applied Sciences University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

References

  1. National Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Audit (2010). Third Report, Leeds, NHS Information Centre.Google Scholar
  2. Harcourt D, Rumsey N. Mastectomy patients’ decision-making for or against immediate breast reconstruction. Psycho-Oncology. 2004;13:106–15.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Abu-Nab Z, Grunfeld EA. Satisfaction with outcome and attitudes towards scarring among women undergoing breast reconstructive surgery. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;66(2):243–9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Fang SY, Shu BC, Chang YJ. The effect of breast reconstruction surgery on body image among women after mastectomy: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137:13–21.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Sheehan J, Sherman KA, Lam T, Boyages J. Association of information satisfaction, psychological distress & monitoring coping style with post-decision regret following breast reconstruction. Psycho-Oncology. 2007;16(4):342–51.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Snell L, McCarthy C, Klassen A, Cano S, Rubin L, Hurley K, Montgomery G, Cordeiro P, Pusic A. Clarifying the Expectations of Patients Undergoing Implant Breast Reconstruction: A Qualitative Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(6):1825–30.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  7. Denford S, Harcourt D, Rubin L, Pusic A. Understanding normality: a qualitative analysis of breast cancer patients concepts of normality after mastectomy and reconstructive surgery. Psycho-Oncology. 2011;20(5):553–8.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Lee CN, Hultman CS, Sepucha K. Do patients and providers agree about the most important facts and goals for breast reconstruction decisions? Ann Plast Surg. 2010;64(5):563–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Makoul G, Clayman ML. An integrative model of shared decision making in medical encounters. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;60(3):301–12.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Elkadry EA, Kenton KS, Fitzgerald MP, Shott S, Brubaker L. Patient-selected goals: a new perspective on surgical outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(6):1551–7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Thorne SE, Bultz BD, Baile WF. SCRN Communication Team. Is there a cost to poor communication in cancer care?: a critical review of the literature. Psycho-Oncology. 2005;14:875–84.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Sheehan J, Sherman KA, Lam T, Boyages J. Regret associated with the decision for breast reconstruction: The association of negative body image, distress and surgery characteristics with decision regret. Psychol Health. 2008;23(2):207–19.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Pusic A, Klassen AF, Snell L, Cano SJ, McCarthy C, Scott A, Cemal Y, Rubin LR, Cordeiro PG. Measuring and managing patient expectations for breast reconstruction: impact on quality of life and patient satisfaction. Expert Rev PharmacoeconOutcome Res. 2012;12(2):149–58.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  14. Potter S, Mills N, Cawthorn S, Wilson S, Blazeby J. Exploring inequalities in access to care and the provision of choice to women seeking breast reconstruction: a qualitative study. Br Jnl Cancer. 2013;109:1181–9.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  15. Department of Health. Equality & Excellence: Liberating the NHS. London: Dept of Health; 2010.Google Scholar
  16. Bergelt C, Härter M. Partizipative Entscheidungsfindung: der Patient als Partner. [Shared decision-making: The patient as partner]. Best Pract Oncol. 2010;5:49–55.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  17. Politi MC, Dizon DS, Frosch DL, Kuzemchak MD, Stiggelbout A. Importance of clarifying patients’ desired role in shared decision making to match their level of engagement with preferences. BMJ. 2013;347 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7066.
  18. Sivell S, Edwards A, Manstead ASR, Reed MWR, Caldon L, Collins K, Clements A, Elwyn G. Increasing readiness to decide and strengthening behavioral intentions: Evaluating the impact of a web-based patient decision aid for breast cancer treatment options (BresDex: www.bresdex.com). Patient Educ Couns. 2012;88(2):209–17.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Lam WWT, Chan M, Or A, Kwong A, Suen D, Fielding R. Reducing treatment decision conflict difficulties in breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Jnl Clin Oncol. 2013;31(23):2879–85.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  20. Caldon LJM, Collins KA, Reed MW, Sivell S, Austoker J, Clements AM, Patnick J, Elwyn G, on behalf of the BresDEX Group. Clinicians’ concerns about decision support interventions for patients facing breast cancer surgery options: understanding challenge of implementing shared decision making. Health Expect. 2010;14:133–46.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  21. Stacey D, Kryworuchko J, Bennett C, Murray MA, Mullan S, Legare F. Decision coaching to prepare patients for making health decisions: a systematic review of decision coaching in trials of patient decision aids. Med Decis Mak. 2012;32:E22–33.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  22. Stevenson FA, Cox K, Britten N, Dundar Y. A systematic review of the research on communication between patients and health care professionals about medicines: the consequences for concordance. Health Expect. 2004;7:235–45.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  23. Gattellari M, Butow PN, Tattersall MHN. Sharing decisions in cancer care. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(12):1865–78.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Kaplan SH, Greenfield S, Ware JE. Assessing the effects of physician-patient interactions on the outcomes of chronic disease. Med Care. 1989;27(3):S110–27.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Mulley A, Trimble C, Elwyn G. Patients’ preferences matter: stop silent misdiagnosis. London: King’s Fund; 2012.Google Scholar
  26. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. Med Res Council. 2008;Google Scholar
  27. Harcourt D, Griffiths C, Baker E, Hansen E, White P, Clarke A. The acceptability of PEGASUS: an intervention to facilitate shared decision-making with women contemplating breast reconstruction. Psychol Health Med. 2016;21(2):248–53.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Bottomley A. To randomise or not to randomise: Methodological pitfalls of the RCT design in psychosocial intervention studies. Eur J Cancer Care. 1997;6:222–3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  29. Loudon K, Treweek S, Sullivan F, et al. The PRECIS-2 tool: designing trials that are fit for purpose. BMJ. 2015;350:h2147. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2147.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Thorpe KE, Zwarenstein M, Oxman AD, et al. A pragmatic–explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:464–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.011.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Pusic AL, Klassen AF, Scott AM, Klok JA, Cordeiro PG, Cano SJ. Development of a New Patient Reported Outcome Measure for Breast Surgery: The BREAST-Q. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(2):345–53.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. EQ-5D Products. EQ5D-5L. http://www.euroqol.org (Accessed 6 Oct 2015).
  33. Al-Janabi H, Flynn TN, Coast J. Development of a self-report measure of capability wellbeing for adults: the ICECAP-A. Qual Life Res. 2012;21(1):167–76.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. O’Connor AM. Validation of a decisional conflict scale 4. Med Decis Mak. 1995;15(1):25–3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  35. Elwyn G, Barr PJ, Grande SW, Thompson R, Walsh T, Ozanne EM. Developing CollaboRATE: a fast and frugal patient-reported measure of shared decision making in clinical encounters. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;93(1):102–7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Brehaut JC, O'Connor AM, Wood TJ, Hack TF, Siminoff L, Gordon E, Feldman-Stewart D. Validation of a decision regret scale. Med Decis Mak. 2003;23(4):281–92.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  37. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  38. UK Data Protection Act (1998). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents (Accessed 18 July 2017).
  39. Good Clinical Practice. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/good-clinical-practice-for-clinical-trials (Accessed 18 July 2017).

Copyright

© The Author(s). 2017

Advertisement

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

ISSN: 1472-6947

Contact us