INNBC DApp, a decentralized application to permanently store biomedical data on a modern, proof-of-stake (POS), blockchain such as BNB Smart Chain

Table 2 Comparing the advantages of INNBC DApp with respect to existing tools for decentralizing data storage and sharing

Proposed Tool	Web3-based Permissionless DApp	Decentralized Data Storage	Decentralized Data Sharing	Available Transaction Data	Scalability
INNBC DApp	Yes	Yes. Text, images, audio, video, and any Base64-encoded file	Yes	Yes, on BNB Smart Chain blockchain	95KB max per single upload, 0.06–0.1BNB gas fee per MB
Johnson et al. [19] (DApp)	No	No	No	No	NA
Other blockchain-based tools for health data (e.g., MedRec, Ancile, OmniPHR [16])	No	No, raw data are stored off-chain (only blockchain anchor stored on-chain)	No	No	NA

Web3-based permissionless DApp: featuring a decentralized Web3 interface not requiring trust by the user to access the DApp. Decentralized Data Storage: different data formats (e.g., documents, images, audio, video) are fully stored on a public blockchain, ensuring permanent availability. Decentralized Data Sharing: raw data are fully stored and freely available on a public blockchain. Available Transaction Data: actual transaction data have been generated by using the DApp and are permanently available on a public blockchain for further analysis by the scientific community. Scalability: maximum size of allowed data stored on-chain with a single transaction (95KB of original data size with Base64 for INNBC DApp) and storage cost per megabyte (0.06–0.1BNB/14–23USD per MB for INNBC DApp). BNB: Binance Coin. MB: megabyte. KB: kilobyte. NA: not available

ISSN: 1472-6947