Fig. 3

Dataset used in developing and validating the epiretinal membrane detection model in fundus photography. The deep learning models were trained and internally validated using randomly partitioned 80 and 20% of data, respectively. Using the training dataset, GAN models were trained to increase the volume of the ERM dataset for data augmentation. We finally built an ERM detection model based on the GAN augmentation techniques. The two external validation datasets, including RFMiD and JSIEC, represented a real scenario of a check-up center with CFP screening