Participant characteristics and reasons for non-consent to health information linkage for research: experiences from the ATHENA COVID-19 study

Table 2 Proportions and odds ratios of patients who consented to primary health care data extraction and linkage for research, in relation to key socio-demographic characteristics

	Consent to data extraction for research	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	Model 2 OR (95% CI)	Model 3 OR (95% CI)
	Agreed N (%)
Age (years)
% increase per year^*	581/842 (69%)	1.01 (1.00 – 1.02)^a	1.02 (1.01 – 1.03)^c	1.02 (1.01 – 1.03)^c
Gender
Male	288/421 (68.4)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Female	293/421 (69.6)	1.12 (0.83 – 1.50)	1.09 (0.80 – 1.47)	1.08 (0.80 – 1.46)
ARIA
Major cities	427/616 (69.3)	1.00	-	1.00
Inner regional	105/149 (70.5)	0.76 (0.49 – 1.16)	-	0.86 (0.55 – 1.35)
Outer regional / remote / very remote	42/63 (66.7)	0.79 (0.44 – 1.39)	-	0.98 (0.54 – 1.80)
Missing	7/14 (50)	-	-	-
SEIFA IRSD
Most Disadvantaged	137/215 (63.7)	1.00	1.00	-
2^nd quartile	164/221 (72.6)	1.84 (1.20 – 2.83)^b	1.88 (1.21 – 2.91)^b	-
3^rd quartile	127/197 (65.9)	1.38 (0.89 – 2.13)	1.41 (0.88 – 2.25)	-
Least Disadvantaged	153/209 (72.7)	1.97 (1.24 – 3.14)^d	2.20 (1.33 – 3.64)^e	-

Model 1 is adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, and remoteness, measured with ARIA + . Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, remoteness, and socioeconomic index. Age, sex, remoteness, and SEIFA IRSD are measured with or derived from NOCS data. SEIFA IRSD is measured in population-based quartiles. ^a p = 0.001; ^b p = 0.005; ^c p < 0.001; ^d p = 0.004; ^e p = 0.002
^*For every 1 year increase in age, the odds of consenting to data extraction increased by 1% in model 1, and 2% in models 2 and 3

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