Associations of perceived changes in work due to digitalization and the amount of digital work with job strain among physicians: a national representative sample

Table 2 Results of the univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses for SRIS

Variable	Univariable model			Multivariable model
Variable	b	95% CI	P value	b	95% CI	P value
Perceived changes in work due to digitalization
More active role of patients
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.13	.04, .22	.003	− .05	− .14, .03	.20
Agree	− .10	− .18, − .03	.01	.01	-.05, .07	.76
Improved possibilities for preventive work
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.24	.17, .31	< .001	.01	− .06, .08	.73
Agree	− .24	− .33, − .15	< . 001	.01	− .07, .09	.77
Progressed interprofessional collaboration
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.31	.23, .39	< .001	− .03	− .11, .04	.43
Agree	− .26	− .33, − .18	< .001	− .07	− .14, − .01	.03
Supported decision-making
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.38	.31, .45	< .001	.11	.05, .18	< .001
Agree	− .20	− .28, − .11	< .001	− .03	− .11, .04	.37
Facilitated access to patient information
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.57	.49, .65	< .001	.15	.07, .23	< .001
Agree	− .31	− .39, − .23	< .001	− .09	− .16, − .02	.008
Accelerated clinical encounters
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.63	.56, .71	< .001	.23	.16, .30	< .001
Agree	− .25	− .37, − .13	< .001	− .03	− .13, .07	.58
Amount of digital work
Number of HISs in daily use
≤ 2	ref			ref
≥ 3	.52	.46, .59	< .001	.24	.18, .29	< .001
Frequency of teleconsultations
Not at all–to some extent	ref			ref
Much–very much	.06	− .03, .15	.21	.15	.07, .22	< .001

N = 4271. SRIS Stress related to information systems, b unstandardized beta coefficient, which indicated how many points on average the SRIS score (scale 1–5) increased or decreased in a certain group compared to a reference group; CI Confidence interval, ref. Reference, HISs Health information systems. The univariable model measured the independent effect of each variable with SRIS separately. The multivariable model measured the joint effects of the variables of perceived changes in work due to digitalization and amount of digital work with SRIS, adjusted by gender, length of work experience, experience with the current EHR, EHR grade, location of employment, working sector, and working unit. The multivariable model was significant, F (35, N = 4271) = 83.79, P < .001, explaining 41% (R²) of the variance in SRIS. Variables were based on the questionnaire of the Electronic Health Record Systems as a Tool for Physicians 2021 Study [61]

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