Table 1 Characteristics of surviving vs. non-surviving patients

Demographic Data

Age (Year)

< 0.0001

 Mean ± SD

56.229 ± 15.38

65.81 ± 14.44

58.15 ± 15.66

 Median

59

69

61

BMI

0.088

 Mean ± SD

26.28 ± 3.69

25.60 ± 3.89

26.14 ± 3.74

 Median

26.1

26.1

26.1

Average Daily Used Cigarettes (Loosie) (n = 81)

n = 62

n = 19

n = 81

0.295

 Mean ± SD

13.50 ± 11.38

15.73 ± 14.26

14.02 ± 12.06

 Median

10

12

10

Sex

0.082

 Female

69 (12.7%)

10 (7.4%)

79 (11.7%)

 Male

473 (87.3%)

126 (92.6%)

599 (88.3%)

Current Smoking

0.168

 No

116 (21.4%)

38 (27.9%)

154 (22.7%)

 Yes

426 (78.6%)

98 (72.1%)

524 (77.3%)

History of Hookah Consumption

0.334

 No

481 (88.7%)

125 (91.9%)

606 (89.4%)

 Yes

61 (11.3%)

11 (8.1%)

72 (10.6%)

Drug History

0.254

 No

373 (68.8%)

86 (63.2%)

459 (67.7%)

 Yes

169 (31.2%)

50 (36.8%)

219 (32.3%)

Vital Signs

Systolic Blood Pressure

0.727

 Mean ± SD

122.68 ± 19.62

121.37 ± 22.59

122.42 ± 20.24

 Median

122

120

121

Diastolic Blood Pressure

0.585

 Mean ± SD

77.06 ± 12 0.36

74.83 ± 13.29

76.61 ± 12.57

 Median

78

76.50

78

Respiratory Rate

0.243

 Mean ± SD

19.55 ± 5.79

20.36 ± 8.94

19.71 ± 6.54

 Median

19.71

19.71

19.71

Oxygen Saturation Percent

< 0.0001

 Mean ± SD

89.48 ± 7.84

85.40 ± 10.71

88.66 ± 8.64

 Median

91

88.50

91

Total Lung Involvement Percent (n = 78)

n = 64

n = 14

n = 78

0.793

 Mean ± SD

35.23 ± 23.08

44.58 ± 27.57

36.90 ± 24.03

 Median

40

49.50

40

Comorbidities and Symptoms

Sweating

0.025

 No

487 (89.9%)

132 (97.1%)

619 (91.3%)

 Yes

55 (10.1%)

4 (2.9%)

59 (8.7%)

Fever

0.183

 No

264 (48.7%)

76 (55.9%)

340 (50.1%)

 Yes

278 (51.3%)

60 (44.1%)

338 (49.9%)

Dyspnea

0.826

 No

207 (38.2%)

50 (36.8%)

257 (37.9%)

 Yes

335 (61.8%)

86 (63.2%)

421 (62.1%)

Chest Pain

0.073

 No

454 (83.8%)

123 (90.4%)

577 (85.1%)

 Yes

88 (16.2%)

13 (9.6%)

101 (14.9%)

Abnormal Lung Signs

< 0.0001

 No

442 (81.5%)

91 (66.9%)

533 (78.6%)

 Yes

100 (18.5%)

45 (33.1%)

145 (21.4%)

Diabetes

0.363

 No

412 (76%)

102 (75%)

514 (75.8%)

 Yes

130 (24%)

34 (25%)

164 (24.2%)

Hypertension

0.001

 No

357 (65.9%)

71 (52.2%)

428 (63.1%)

 Yes

185 (34.1%)

61 (47.8%)

250 (36.9%)

Cancers

< 0.0001

 No

438 (80.8%)

83 (61%)

521 (76.8%)

 Yes

104 (19.2%)

53 (39%)

157 (23.2%)

Cardiovascular Disease

0.006

 No

376 (69.4%)

79 (58.1%)

455 (67.1%)

 Yes

166 (30.6%)

57 (41.9%)

223 (32.9%)

CKD

< 0.0001

 No

502 (92.6%)

94 (69.1%)

596 (87.9%)

 Yes

40 (7.4%)

42 (30.9%)

82 (12.1%)

COPD

0.292

 No

476 (87.8%)

115 (84.6%)

591 (87.2%)

 Yes

66 (12.2%)

21 (15.4%)

87 (12.8%)

Treatment and Level of care

Duration of Intubation (Day) (n = 37)

n = 7

n = 30

n = 37

< 0.0001

 Mean ± SD

4.29 ± 4.07

5.87 ± 5.84

5.57 ± 5.53

 Median

3

4.50

4

Duration of Non-invasive Ventilation (Day) (n = 30)

n = 17

n = 13

n = 30

0.054

 Mean ± SD

5.82 ± 5.92

4.69 ± 3.66

5.33 ± 5.02

 Median

4

3

3.50

Immunosuppressant Drugs

0.136

 No

525 (96.9%)

135 (99.3%)

660 (97.3%)

 Yes

17 (3.1%)

1 (0.7%)

18 (2.7%)

Anti-hypertensive Drugs

0.002

 No

391 (72.1%)

82 (60.3%)

473 (69.8%)

 Yes

151 (27.9%)

54 (39.7%)

205 (30.2%)

Pantoprazole

0.004

 No

310 (57.2%)

60 (44.1%)

370 (54.6%)

 Yes

232 (42.8%)

76 (55.9%)

308 (45.4%)

Hospitalization in a 14-day period prior to admission

0.001

 No

456 (84.1%)

97 (71.3%)

553 (81.6%)

 Yes

86 (15.9%)

39 (28.7%)

125 (18.4%)

ICU Admission

< 0.0001

 No

428 (79%)

43 (31.6%)

471 (69.5%)

 Yes

112 (20.7%)

92 (67.6%)

204 (30.1%)

 Unknown

2 (0.4%)

1 (0.7%)

3 (0.4%)