Table 3 The AUC comparison of XGB model and nomogram (based on multivariable logistic regression analysis) in different sets

Train set

 XGB

0.907

0.00528

0.896—0.918

77.248

 < 0.0001

 nomogram

0.802

0.0232

0.782—0.822

13.029

 < 0.0001

Test set

 XGB

0.827

0.0299

0.796—0.855

10.910

 < 0.0001

 nomogram

0.838

0.0346

0.808—0.865

9.764

 < 0.0001

External validation set

 XGB

0.754

0.0517

0.663—0.831

4.915

 < 0.0001

 nomogram

0.706

0.0579

0.611—0.789

3.556

0.0004