Table 6 Performance evaluation of the selected ML algorithm

1

Without performing feature selection

NONE

Full-featured dataset

SVM

69.47

70.31

69.13

70.23

70.37

1635

95% CI

(0.71, 0.69)

(0.73, 0.68)

(0.71, 0.68)

(0.71, 0.68)

(0.71, 0.68)

HGB 

62.58

62.72

61.63

62.18

62.06

1241

95% CI

(0.64, 0.61)

(0.64, 0.61)

(0.61, 0.60)

(0.63, 0.61)

(0.63, 0.61)

XGB

68.25

66.82

71.63

69.23

69.14

690

95% CI

(0.69, 0.67)

(0.69, 0.67)

(0.73, 0.70)

(0.72, 0.69)

(0.71, 0.68)

2

Boruta-F

Wrapper-based technique

Tumor stage, tumor site, tumor size, age, metastatic status, type of treatment, lymphatic invasion, body weight

SVM

85.68

86.54

86.39

85.64

83.77

1419

95% CI

(8.401, 8.715)

(8.520, 8.795)

(8.571, 8.743)

(8.421, 8.815)

(8.274, 8.435)

HGB

88.25

89.71

86.13

89.31

88.63

1360

95% CI

(8.72, 8.947)

(8.811, 9.145)

(8.531, 8.729)

(8.80, 9.024)

(8.631, 8.985)

XGB

82.54

86.43

87.02

85.97

86.10

730

95% CI

(8.167, 8.346)

(8.517, 8.812)

(8.60, 8.827)

(8.42, 8.62)

(8.537, 8.750)

3

mRMR-F

Filter feature selection method

Tumor stage, history of other cancers, lymphatic invasion, tumor site, type of treatment, body weight, histological type, addiction

SVM

82.12

83.42

81.24

82.98

83.15

1752

95% CI

(8.094, 8.327)

(8.251, 8.491)

(8.02, 8.8217)

(8.147, 8.410)

(8.192, 8.551)

HGB

81.46

81.42

81.62

80.52

80.14

1502

95% CI

(8.094, 8.327)

(8.251, 8.491)

(8.02, 8.8217)

(8.147, 8.410)

(8.192, 8.551)

XGB

80.24

80.52

80.35

80.26

81.24

1489

95% CI

(7.927, 8.192)

(7.974, 8.251)

(7.914, 8.241)

(7.915, 8.15)

(8.037, 8.301)

4

LASSO-F

Embedded-based technique

Tumor site, tumor stage, age, type of treatment, tumor size, lymphatic invasion, weight loss, metastatic status

SVM

83.07

85.21

82.49

83.75

81.59

950

95% CI

(8.19, 8.51)

(8.420, 8.725)

(8.14, 8.397)

(8.17, 8.496)

(8.052, 8.30)

HGB

84.12

84.62

83.19

82.45

83.09

1037

95% CI

(8.274, 8.61)

(8.34, 8.61)

(8.17, 8.517)

(8.10, 8.34)

(8.21, 8.394)

XGB

89.10

89.42

87.15

90.84

89.37

615

95% CI

(8.771, 9.140)

(8.752, 9.172)

(8.682, 8.925)

(8.940, 9.153)

(8.790, 9.041)

5

Relief –F

Filter feature selection method

Histological type, tumor site, history of other cancers, age, vascular invasion, tumor size, type of treatment, tumor stage

SVM

83.82

82.16

81.92

84.61

82.93

1306

95% CI

(8.241, 8.527)

(8.12, 8.417)

(8.034, 8.241)

(8.21, 8.516)

(8.124, 8.481)

HGB

82.47

83.61

82.56

81.62

82.31

1512

95% CI

(8.170, 8.347)

(8.21, 8.492)

(8.17, 8.397)

(8.035, 8.306)

(8.094, 8.427)

XGB

83.75

84.30

82.07

83.92

81.01

1250

95% CI

(8.201, 8.581)

(8.271, 8.609)

(8.092, 8.417)

(8.195, 8.463)

(8.037, 8.278)