Quantifying causal effects from observed data using quasi-intervention

Table 1 Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of lung cancer patients in the high NLR group and low NLR group

Characteristic	All patients (n = 169)	Higher NLR	Lower NLR	X2	P value
Age, n (%)				0.001	0.974
≤55	43 (25.44)	10	33
>55	126 (74.56)	29	97
Sex, n (%)				2.174	0.14
Male	130 (76.92)	35	95
Female	39 (23.08)	6	33
KPS score, n (%)				8.131	0.043
60	11 (6.5)	3	8
70	45 (26.63)	15	30
80	93 (55.01)	43	50
90	20 (11.83)	3	17
Histology, n (%)				1.189	0.756
Adenocarcinoma	73 (43.2)	19	54
Squamous cell carcinoma	77 (45.56)	16	61
Small cell carcinoma	17 (10.06)	4	13
Other	2 (1.18)	0	2
Disease stage				2.276	0.517
I–II	12 (7.1)	4	8
III–IV	157 (92.9)	35	122

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