Efficacy prediction of noninvasive ventilation failure based on the stacking ensemble algorithm and autoencoder

Table1 Characteristics of the enrolled patients

Item	Value or number
Age, years	69 ± 14
Male	N = 1794
APACHE II	16 ± 5
NIV failure	N = 740
Diagnosis
AECOPD	N = 1122
Pneumonia	N = 652
ARDS	N = 197
Sleep apnoea-hypopnea syndrome	N = 65
Asthma	N = 70
Heart failure	N = 50
Bronchiectasis	N = 46
Sepsis	N = 44
Pulmonary embolism	N = 39
Pulmonary tuberculosis associated sequelae	N = 35
Chest wall deformity	N = 22
Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome	N = 6
Chronic thoracic sequelae	N = 2
Others	N = 145
Underlying disease
Hypertension	N = 889
Diabetes mellitus	N = 493
Chronic liver disease	N = 53
Chronic kidney disease	N = 104
Chronic heart disease	N = 201
Chronic lung disease	N = 1459
Immunosuppression	N = 100
Solid tumour	N = 238
Variables collected before NIV
GCS	14.6 ± 1.2
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	137 ± 26
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	81 ± 16
Heart rate, beats/min	134 ± 23
Respiratory rate, breaths/min	31 ± 7
pH	7.36 ± 0.11
FiO₂	0.42 ± 0.15
PaCO₂, mmHg	57 ± 26
PaO₂, mmHg	72 ± 39
PaO₂/FiO₂	178 ± 87
Variables collected after 1 h of NIV
Tidal volume, mL	413 ± 160
Minute ventilation, L	11.2 ± 6.6
Inspiratory pressure, cmH₂O	15 ± 4
Expiratory positive airway pressure, cmH₂O	6 ± 2
GCS	14.6 ± 1.2
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	127 ± 23
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	74 ± 14
Heart rate, beats/min	104 ± 23
Respiratory rate, breaths/min	27 ± 7
pH	7.39 ± 0.09
FiO₂	0.50 ± 0.16
PaCO₂, mmHg	54 ± 22
PaO₂, mmHg	95 ± 40
PaO₂/FiO₂	205 ± 89

ISSN: 1472-6947