Table 6 Recurrence and progression prediction
Art | Mdl | Dom | Subdomain | Variables | Output | Knowledge acquisition | Validation | Statistical outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANN | Bca | Recurrence | Age, gender, smoking, tumour stage and grade, CIS, number, cytology, other mucosal biopsy | Recurrence or no | N = 432 patients’ data, multicentre | Radom set of 200 ROC AUC | Se 76%, Sp 55%, Ac 72% | |
[101] | ANN | Bca | Tumour progression recurrence | Tumour stage and grade, size, number, gender, eGFR | Stage progression | 105 Ta/T1 TCC multicentre | Compare to 4 clinicians McNemar test | 80% accuracy |
[101] | ANN | Bca | 12Â months cancer specific survival | Tumour stage and grade, size, number, gender, eGFR, smoking, cis, dysplasia tumour site, architecture, c-erbB2 (oncogene), p53 (tumour suppressor gene) | 6Â months recurrence 12Â months survival | 56 Ta/T1 (6Â months recurrence), 40 T2-T4 (12Â months survival) | Compare to 4 clinicians McNemar test | Accuracy to predict recurrence (75%) and to predict survival (82%) |
[102] | ANN | Bca | Progression of non-invasive TCC | Age, gender, tumour (grade, stage, number and architecture) and mean nuclear volume | Tumour progression and recurrence | 68 patients’ specimen from one centre | 22 Random test set ROC, Sp, Se | Recurrence: Se 33%, Sp 40%, PPV 40%, NPV 33% Progression: Se 100%, Sp 67%, PPV 40%, NPV 100% |
[103] | FNM | Bca | Recurrence classifier | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, hMLH1, hMSH2 | Recurrence or not | 109 patients from one centre with TCC | 10% cross validation ROC, LR | AUC 0.98, Se 90%, Sp 80%, PPV 92%, NPV 74%, Ac 88% |
[103] | FNM | Bca | Survival predictor | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, hMLH1, hMSH2 | Survival in months | 109 patients from one centre with TCC | 10% cross validation Root mean square | RMS = 4.8 |
[103] | ANN | Bca | Recurrence classifier | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, hMLH1, hMSH2 | Recurrence or not | 109 patients from one centre with TCC | ROC, LR 10% cross validation | AUC 0.91, Se 94%, Sp 96%, PPV 99%, NPV 84%, Ac 95% |
[103] | ANN | Bca | Survival predictor | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, hMLH1, hMSH2 | Survival in months | 109 patients from one centre with bladder | 10% cross validation RMS | RMS = 11.7 |
[104] | ANN | Bca | Survival predictor | Age, stage, Grade, smoking, previous cancer | Risk of relapse | 109 patients with primary TCC | Difference in RMS 1/4 CV ROC AUC | Se 90%, Sp 89%, PPV 98, NPV, 64%, Ac 90%, RMS 8.8 |
[104] | ANN | Bca | Recurrence predictor | Stage, Grade, age, smoking, previous cancer, p53, hMLH1, hMLH2 | Time to relapse | 109 patients with primary TCC | Difference in RMS 1/4 CV ROC AUC | Se 94, Sp 96%, NPV 99%,PPV 84%, Ac 95%, RMS 7.6 |
[104] | FNM | Bca | Survival predictor | Stage, Grade, age, smoking, previous cancer | Risk of relapse | 109 patients with primary TCC | Difference in RMS 1/4 CV ROC AUC | Se 92%, Sp 90%, PPV 98% NPV 72%, Ac 92%, RMS 8.5 |
[104] | FNM | Bca | Recurrence predictor | Stage, Grade, age, smoking, previous cancer, p53, hMLH1, hMLH2 | Time to relapse | 109 patients with primary TCC | Difference in RMS 1/4 CV ROC AUC | Se 90% Sp 80%, NPV 92%,PPV 74%, Ac 88%, RMS 7.3 |
[105] | FNM | Bca | Recurrence (classifier) | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, methylation index (% of loci on chromosomes), RARB methylation (gene locus) | Recurrence or not | 117 patients with 1ry TCC or UCC from one centre | 10% cross validation ROC, LR | AUC 0.98, Se 88–100%, Sp 94–100%, Ac 100% |
[105] | FNM | Bca | Survival predictor | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, methylation index (% of loci on chromosomes), RARB methylation | Survival in months | 117 patients with 1ry TCC or UCC from one centre | 10% CV Kaplan Maier for survival | Average error = 5 months |
[105] | ANN | Bca | Recurrence (classifier) | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, methylation index (% of loci on chromosomes), RARB methylation | Recurrence or not | 117 patients with 1ry TCC or UCC from one centre | 10% cross validation ROC, LR | Ac 89–90%, Se 81–87%, Sp 95–100% |
[105] | ANN | Bca | Survival predictor | Age, gender, grade, smoking, previous cancer, p53, methylation index (% of loci on chromosomes), RARB methylation | Survival in months | 117 patients with 1ry TCC or UCC from one centre | 10% CV Kaplan Maier for survival | Average error = 9 months |
[106] | ANN | Bca | Recurrence | Age, sex, previous recurrence, response to adjuvant therapy, number of lesions, adjuvant therapy | Recurrence or no | 403 patients | 1/3 CV 123 patients ROC AUC | AUC 0.87,Se 79%, Sp 98% |
[107] | ANN | Bca | 5 Years survival cystectomy | Age, gender, tumour stage, grade, ln, vascular in, perineural in, prostatic invasion, CaP | Survival at 5Â years | 369 patients | ROC, Cox proportional hazard 1/3 CV | Se 63%, Sp 86%, PPV 76%, NPV 77% |
[108] | FNM | Bca | Recurrence classifier | Gender, pathological stage, grade, CIS, lymph vascular invasion | Recurrence or not | 609 patients from multiple centres | ROC, LR 10% CV | Se 93%, Sp 68% |
[108] | FNM | Bca | Survival predictor | Gender, pathological stage, grade, CIS, lymph vascular invasion | Survival in months | 172 multicentre data | ROC, LR 10% CV | Kaplan–Meier survival plots, median error of 8.15 months |
[109] | ANN | Bca | Survival post cystectomy | Age, gender, bilhariziasis, histology, grade, lymph nodes, lymph vascular, type of diversion | Patient survival | 871 patients’ data post cystectomy | 30% CV ROC vs LR | AUC 0.86, Se 79%, Sp 81% |
[110] | ANN | Bca | bladder cancer 5 years survival | Age, gender, histology grade, tumour stage, positive LN, removed LN | 5 years survival | cystectomy data base, single centre 106 patients | Prediction error percent 11 and 29 patients | prediction error rate, > 90% efficiency |
[111] | ANN | Bca | Recurrence and survival | Age, gender, tumour stage, grade, CIS, ln, lymph vascular invasion | 5Â years recurrence and cancer specific death | cystectomy data base, multicentre 2111 | ROC, Kaplan Maier for survival, Cox Proportional Hazard | Se 59%, Sp 77%, PPV 67%, NPV 70% (30% cross validation) |
[112] | ANN | Bca | Survival post cystectomy | Age, gender, albumin, surgical approach, tumour stage, follow up period, type of diversion | 5 years survival | 117 patients with post cystectomy from one centre | 10 Folds CV ROC, Se, Sp Ac | Ac 72–80% RELM and ELM had best performance |
[113] | ANN | Bca | Recurrence of G3 pTa after TURBT | Age, sex, previous histopathological data, previous recurrence rate response to previous BCG adjuvant therapy, number of lesions, size of lesions presence of inflammatory reaction and adjuvant therapy | Recurrence or No | 143 patients with G3 pTa at one centre | AUC, Se, Se 1/3 cv 43 cases | AUC 0.81, Se 82%, Sp 96% |
[114] | ANN | RCC | RCC survival 36 months | Age, gender, BMI, performance status, histopathology, time interval between primary tumour and detection of Mets, type of systemic therapy, number and sites of Met | Recurrence within 36 months | 175 single centre | 30% CV ROC sensitivity analysis | AUC 0.95 (95% CI 0.87–0.98) |
[115] | ANN | Nsc | Disease recurrence in five years | (32 variables) age, tumour type, grade, invasion, Mets, ln, treatment, FBC, kidney function | Recurrence within five years | 202 multicentre cases | 1/4 CV ROC, Sensitivity analysis | AUC 0.87 |
[116] | FNM | CaP | Prognosis and survival | Age, BMI, PSA, DRE, Gl, clinical stage and treatment methods | Disease specific survival | 100 cases single centre | Sensitivity analysis mean square error, | MSE = 0.068907 (1/10 CV) |
[117] | ANN | Nlt | Recurrence of Upper tract stones | Age, sex, history of previous calculi, radiologic type, location and composition of previous calculi, 24-h urine assay urine culture, treatment | Recurrence of Upper tract stones | 168 cases, single centre | PPV estimation 68 cases | PPV 100% |