Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Patients with LBP (≥ 10% of study population), of any age, gender, or race

Non-research or Non-peer reviewed sources of evidence (e.g. grey literature, policy documents, expert opinions, guidelines)

Any healthcare setting, in any geographical setting

Studies only analysing generic literacy, numeracy, and education level not in the context of healthcare

Any peer reviewed research study (of any study design)

Utilisation of specific HL and LBP health outcome measures