Table 2 Characteristics of eligible studies
Author (year), country | Design | Sample size of PCPs | Data collection |
|---|---|---|---|
Audet et al. (2014), US [39] | Cross-sectional study | 1012 | Self-administered, structured questionnaire |
Clarke et al. (2016), US [38] | Mixed-model approach combining qualitative and quantitative research methods | 16 | Video analyses Qualitative participant debriefing sessions (narrative feedback) Quantitative performance measures (percent task success, time-on-task, mouse clicks, and mouse movements) System usability scale (a survey instrument that allows physicians to rank the system’s usability) |
DesRoches et al. (2013), US [37] | Cross-sectional study | 1164 | Self-administered, structured questionnaire |
Goetz et al. (2012), US [7] | Qualitative methods | 14 | Telephone interviews On-site visits involving interviews and observation National Survey of Physician Organizations |
Jones et al. (2018), Canada [44] | Qualitative methods, observational study | 6 | Semistructured interviews using the EMR Progress Assessment survey tool Observations of data quality in EMRs and of physician’s workflow |
Lynch et al. (2014), US [40] | Quantitative methods, descriptive study | 101,584 | From 10 databases: Administrative data from Regional Extension Center program’s customer relationship management database merged with 9 other secondary data source databases |
Paré et al. (2015), Canada [41] | Cross-sectional study | 331 | Self-administered structured questionnaire |
Randhawa et al. (2018), Canada [10] | Mixed-model approach combining qualitative and quantitative research methods | 18 | Survey, questionnaire Follow-up interviews |
Raymond et al. (2015), Canada [42] | Cross-sectional study | 331 | Self-administered structured questionnaire |
Raymond et al. (2019), Canada [43] | Cross-sectional study | 331 | Self-administered structured questionnaire |
Schoen et al. (2012), 10 countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, UK, US) [3] | Cross-sectional study | Sample sizes of PCPs ranged from 500 to more than 2000 for the 10 countries | Phone interviews Mail surveys using a questionnaire |
Shachak et al. (2009), Israel [45] | Qualitative methods | 25 | Semistructured interviews Field observations |
Trudel et al. (2017), Canada [18] | Qualitative methods | 15 | Semistructured interviews Field notes from observations Consultation of relevant documents (e.g., user manuals) |
Watt (2014), Canada [16] | Mixed-model approach combining qualitative and quantitative research methods | 29 | Questionnaire, survey Notes from action plans developed with coach and physician Clinical Value Model (CVM) assessment tool (86 questions, subjective assessment tool administered by the coach) CVM feedback survey (web-based survey for physicians to complete) Notes from practice optimization plan |