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Table 3 Characteristics and factors associated with annual direct medical costs among outpatients and inpatients using GEE with log link and gamma distribution

From: The trend of direct medical costs and associated factors in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Guangzhou, China: an eight-year retrospective cohort study

Factors

Outpatients

Inpatients

Cost (mean)

Cost (M(Q1–Q3))

β

SEd

P

Cost (mean)

Cost (M(Q1–Q3))

β

SEd

P

Gendera

          

 Male

4198.92

1909.98 (664.50–5813.24)

Ref

  

19,449.20

12,004.35 (6765.12–22,922.24)

Ref

  

 Female

3530.35

1463.41 (553.91–4616.10)

–0.07

0.01

 < 0.0001

16,701.86

10,604.72 (6300.63–19,184.97)

–0.06

0.01

 < 0.0001

Age

          

 18–29

3638.45

1398.60 (541.19–4592.04)

Ref

  

12,173.28

8263.53 (5078.25–13,815.65)

Ref

  

 30–39

4171.64

1802.43 (636.68–5708.63)

0.03

0.01

0.0068

15,866.61

10,525.78 (6150.71–18,696.58)

0.11

0.02

 < 0.0001

 40–49

4336.78

2210.05 (734.33–6163.25)

–0.01

0.01

0.8982

21,198.46

13,456.04 (7303.28–25,995.43)

0.22

0.02

 < 0.0001

 50–59

4185.27

2093.56 (737.78–5985.38)

–0.05

0.01

0.0008

23,465.83

15,388.61 (8448.31–29,266.38)

0.24

0.02

 < 0.0001

  ≥ 60

3847.18

1893.67 (667.02–5364.38)

–0.10

0.02

 < 0.0001

26,068.35

16,874.79 (9145.88 – 31,415.35)

0.28

0.02

 < 0.0001

Payment mode

          

 Self-payment

3712.91

1559.49 (588.49–4887.64)

ref

  

17,784.66

11,168.72 (6287.71–21,266.31)

Ref

  

 Medical insurance

5066.04

2862.03 (882.33–7450.20)

0.11

0.01

 < 0.0001

20,808.66

12,406.73 (7273.45–23,788.23)

–0.04

0.01

0.0018

 Free medical service

2784.96

1140.70 (445.45–3205.32)

–0.19

0.02

 < 0.0001

21,428.33

14,006.00 (8526.01–25,144.22)

–0.14

0.03

 < 0.0001

 Othersb

852.51

706.95 (403.26–1084.77)

–0.14

0.13

0.2839

13,166.87

8786.42 (5699.22–17,312.19)

–0.09

0.07

0. 1810

Antiviral medicine

          

 No

1475.46

771.42 (402.67–1692.61)

ref

  

14,125.19

8132.11 (4841.38–15,879.36)

Ref

  

 Yesc

7020.08

5357.05 (2301.01–9959.00)

1.68

0.01

 < 0.0001

22,221.89

14,401.12 (8643.15–26,762.65)

0.17

0.01

 < 0.0001

Hepatoprotective drugs

          

 No

3783.10

778.77 (408.76–1706.41)

ref

  

6774.95

4308.40 (3100.17–7352.18)

Ref

  

 Yesc

4260.31

5356.04 (2306.41–9944.59)

0.51

0.01

 < 0.0001

19,695.67

12,342.43 (7257.06–23,087.47)

0.25

0.02

 < 0.0001

 No

3386.25

1313.54 (517.40–4527.89)

Ref

  

13,039.13

8274.40 (4949.98–15,263.26)

ref

  

 Yesc

5239.27

2859.98 (1098.96–7249.16)

0.22

0.01

 < 0.0001

23,146.26

14,760.32 (8639.26–28,007.82)

0.17

0.01

 < 0.0001

Anti-fibrotic medicine

          

 No

3489.43

1422.17 (555.26–4543.92)

Ref

  

16,574.29

10,036.57 (5880.35–18,612.07)

Ref

  

 Yesc

6763.95

4843.03 (1937.49–9969.05)

0.55

0.01

 < 0.0001

24,049.95

16,327.63 (9261.82–29,651.38)

–0.02

0.01

0.1162

Disease stages

          

 CHB

3731.05

1570.04 (587.63–4954.84)

Ref

  

12,967.77

9094.66 (5550.94–15,113.85)

Ref

  

 Cirrhosis

5871.55

3823.50 (1285.07–9027.62)

0.14

0.01

 < 0.0001

23,869.57

15,703.35 (8847.61–28,033.55)

0.40

0.03

 < 0.0001

 HCC

3734.82

1676.06 (610.75–4737.08)

0.10

0.05

0.0443

27,996.54

20,271.02 (8274.40–36,742.64)

0.62

0.03

 < 0.0001

Length of stay (days)

          

  < 10

–

–

–

–

–

6633.50

5304.68 (3879.56–7584.06)

ref

  

 10–20

–

–

–

–

–

13,584.70

10,574.83 (7767.96–15,979.52)

0.61

0.01

 < 0.0001

  > 20

–

–

–

–

–

33,436.70

23,685.30 (15,248.07–41,328.95)

1.47

0.02

 < 0.0001

  1. aGender: 60 were missing for outpatients
  2. bOthers: commercial insurance and cooperative medical service, etc.
  3. cYes: patients received prescription for corresponding drugs
  4. dSE: standard error
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BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

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