Table 1 Characteristics of 74 included articles

Almyroudi et al. (2011) [17]

329 breast cancer patients

Urgent

71.1% preferred a passive role; 24% a collaborative role;4.6% an active role

SG

–

Younger age, higher education

Ananian et al. (2004) [18]

181 breast cancer patients

Elective

57% of women choosing breast reconstruction “decided with surgeon” 70% of these patients were satisfied with the information received.

SDM

–

Type of procedure

Andersen et al. (2009) [19]

636 breast cancer survivors

Urgent

On average, 72% reported being “very involved, I made all the decisions myself.” 80% were content with DM role.

IDM

–

Younger age, level of education, income

Asghari et al. (2008) [20]

299 hospitalized patients (85% on surgical wards)

Unclear

“strongly desire to receive information and participate in decision-making”

SDM

–

Female, level of education

Ashraf et al. (2013) [21]

465 patients undergoing either immediate or delayed breast reconstruction

Elective

66% were in the “informed-consumerist” group when it came to actual DM. 86.3% of these patients were satisfied with the information received.

IDM

–

Avis (1994) [22]

20 hernia repair patients

Elective

“expectations of participation can be summarized as ‘being told’ and ‘going in to get it fixed’”

SG

–

Ballinger et al. (2008) [23]

131 breast cancer patients

Urgent

61% “felt their healthcare professionals had surgical preferences for them, believed that clinical issues determined these preferences, but still knew the choice was theirs”

SDM

–

Beaver et al. (2005) [24]

41 colorectal cancer patients

Urgent

“wanted to be well informed and involved in the consultation process but did not necessarily want to use the information they received to make decisions”

SG

–

Beaver et al. (2007) [25]

35 health professionals caring for colorectal cancer patients (4 were surgeons)

Urgent

“shared decision making was favored by health professionals”

–

SDM

Younger patient age

BeLue et al. (2004) [26]

50 cardiologists making a decision about surgery; 92 patients with coronary artery disease

Urgent

Physicians: 74% “prefer patients who actively participate in the decision;” Patients: 50% “prefer the physician to make the decision;” 40% SDM;” 10% “prefer to make the decision on their own”

SG

SDM

Blumenthal-Barby et al. (2015) [27]

30 left ventricular assist device patients and candidates

Urgent

“deferred heavily to clinicians”

SG

–

Burton et al. (2017) [28]

101 older breast cancer patients

Urgent

39% preferred “patient-centred;” 38% “doctor-centred;” 24% SDM

SG/

IDM

–

Butow et al. (2007) [29]

135 patient advocates; 142 breast cancer surgeons

Urgent

66% of surgeons and 62% of patient advocates preferred SDM

SDM

SDM

Campesino et al. (2012) [30]

39 breast cancer survivors

Urgent

Spanish-speaking Latinas preferred “physician treatment recommendations;”

English-speaking Latinas and African-Americans preferred SDM

SDM/

SG

–

English-speaking

Cohen (2003) [31]

19 patients with localized prostate cancer

Urgent

Most viewed the surgeon-guided approach as “appropriate and welcome.”

SG

–

Corriere et al. (2015) [32]

81 patients undergoing elective vascular procedures

Elective

93% preferred “choosing together with the provider;” 62% preferred “having the provider choose for them”

SDM

–

Multiple treatment options, type of procedure

Cuypers et al. (2016) [33]

562 prostate cancer survivors

Urgent

59% preferred a collaborative role; 22% an active role; 19% a passive role

SDM

–

Higher education; younger age; higher SES

Doring et al. (2014) [34]

105 hand surgeons; 84 patients with trigger finger

Elective

Patients “preferred to decide for themselves”; surgeons preferred SDM

IDM

SDM

Durif-Bruckert et al. (2015) [35]

146 breast cancer patients

Urgent

wanted to participate in decisions, but “perceived SDM as an obligation” because it did not seem to fit with their idea of a proper doctor-patient relationship

SG

–

Trust in surgeon; support from family; written information from surgeon

Gainer et al. (2017) [36]

15 frail and older patients; 20 care team members (includes surgeons)

Unclear

both patients and care team members “supported a formal approach” to SDM

SDM

SDM

Ghane et al. (2014) [37]

380 general surgery patients

Elective

“preferred relatively high levels of decisional control on average

(M = 8.95 out of 10, SD = 2.15).”

IDM

–

Male; good health; high health literacy

Golden et al. (2017) [38]

20 clinicians (7 were surgeons)

Urgent

Most felt that they practiced SDM, even though they did not tend to distinctly prompt patient DM preferences

–

SDM

Gong et al. (2011) [39]

78 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

Elective

76% preferred SDM

SDM

–

History of surgical procedure; importance of family member opinions; having private insurance

Hack et al. (2006) [40]

205 breast cancer patients

Urgent

42% preferred a collaborative role; 35.6% an active role; 22.4% a passive role

SDM

–

Age < 70, non-widowed, longer duration post-op

Hageman et al. (2014) [41]

103 hand surgeons; 79 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

Elective

Surgeons: 74% preferred “patient and provider make a shared decision;” Patients: 59% preferred that “the patient decides”

IDM

SDM

Hawley et al. (2008) [42]

925 breast cancer patients

Urgent

Actual DM role: 37% SDM; 36% “patient-based;” 27% “surgeon-based.” Preferred DM role: 93% content with level of DM involvement

SDM/

IDM

–

Heggland & Hausken (2013) [43, 44]

11 health professionals from 6 surgical wards; 7 patients who underwent surgical treatment

Elective

Health professionals: majority preferred a “shared” or “informed” model; Patients: about half preferred a “shared” or “informed” model and the other half preferred a “paternalistic” model

SDM/

SG

SDM

Female

Heggland & Hausken (2014) [45]

7 surgical patients; 4 surgeons

Elective/

Urgent

Surgeons: the majority preferred an “informed model … patient is given information and left to make the decision;” Patients: 3 preferred a “paternalistic model” and 2 preferred shared.

SG

IDM

Heggland et al. (2014) [44, 45]

119 physicians working in 6 surgical wards

Unclear

physicians on average rated decision-making control a 4.6, which means that “physicians were not reluctant to involve patients in decision-making processes”

–

SDM

Henderson & Shum (2003) [46]

49 surgical and medical patients

Elective/

Urgent

Where 1 = active role, 3 = shared, and 5 = passive – the mean DM value for the severe scenario was 3.55; moderate scenario was 3.37; mild scenario was 3.00

SDM

–

Younger age, non-critical condition

Henderson et al. (2006) [47]

186 inpatients in two surgical units

Unclear

“females indicated that they would like to have more input in the decision-making process than the males” (3.57 v. 3.81 on the Controlled Preferences Scale)

SDM

–

Female; higher education

Hopmans et al. (2015) [48]

87 lung cancer patients

Urgent

“guidance by the clinician” was identified as most important; “active role of patient in treatment decision making” regarded as less important

SG

–

Hou et al. (2014) [49]

113 colorectal cancer patients

Urgent

41.6% preferred a passive role; 24.8% SDM; 7.1% an active role

SG

–

Female; no stoma

Iaccarino et al. (2017) [50]

428 clinician members of the American Thoracic Society

Urgent

Perceived Role: 50.4% “share decisions equally with the patient”; 34.5% “allow the patient to decide;” 15.1% “decide for themselves after considering the patient’s opinion”

–

SDM

More years in practice; more comfort in pulmonary nodule management

Ihrig et al. (2011) [51]

31 prostate cancer patients

Urgent

“most patients wanted to decide on their treatment options together with their physician”

SDM

–

Janz et al. (2004) [52]

101 breast cancer patients

Urgent

47% preferred SDM; 38% preferred to make the decision “with physician input”

SDM

–

College degree; higher self-efficacy

Johnson et al. (1996) [53]

76 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients

Urgent

“74% wanted their surgeons to make a recommendation and when given, 94% followed the recommended treatment plan”

SG

–

Keating et al. (2002) [54]

1081 breast cancer patients

Urgent

64% preferred a collaborative role

SDM

–

Keating et al. (2010) [55]

5383 lung or colorectal cancer patients

Urgent

38.9% = “patient controlled,” 43.6% = SDM; 17.5% = “physician controlled”

SDM

–

Married, better pre-diagnosis health status, Caucasian, strong evidence for procedure

Lally (2009) [56]

18 breast cancer patients

Urgent

“women’s lack of sharing their preferences with their surgeons and the surgeons’ lack of making treatment recommendations resulted in what was more likely informed than shared decision making”

IDM

–

Lam et al. (2003) [57]

154 breast cancer patients

Urgent

59% preferred SDM; 33% preferred “the choice to be their own;” 8% preferred “to delegate the decision”

SDM

–

Younger age

Lantz et al. (2005) [58]

1633 breast cancer patients

Urgent

Actual Role: 36.9% SDM; 37.9% made decision with “surgeon input.” 69% were satisfied with DM level.

SDM

–

Larsson et al. (1989) [59]

666 patients scheduled for invasive surgery

Elective

Actual DM: 41% “joint patient-doctor decision;” 29% “doctor advocated;” 8% “patient asked.” Preferred DM: 73% content with level of DM involvement

SDM

–

Female

Lee et al. (2012) [60]

82 patients with early gastric cancer

Urgent

The surgical group showed a more passive role in both their preferred and actual DM role

SG

–

Markovic et al. (2006) [61]

30 newly diagnosed gynecologic cancer patients

Urgent

“surgeon’s recommendation

and fear of dying from cancer” played the most important role in DM

SG

–

Martinez et al. (2016) [62]

1690 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients

Urgent

In surgery, 51% preferred a “directive” communication style; 49% a “non-directive” communication style

SDM/ SG

McGuire et al. (2005) [63]

18 surgeons

Unclear

“Many physicians saw their role as an expert who educates the patient but retains control over the decision-making process;

others took a more collaborative approach, encouraging patients to assume decisional priority”

–

SDM/

SG

Multiple treatment options, increased risk, impact of procedure on patient lifestyle, moral content

Mendick et al. (2010) [64]

20 breast cancer patients; 8 surgeons

Urgent

Surgeons: “made most decisions for patients;” Patients: “generally lacked trust in their own decisions and usually sought surgeons’ guidance”

SG

SG

Patients: strong evidence for procedure; Surgeons: multiple treatment options, impact of procedure on patient lifestyle

Meredith (1993) [65]

30 surgical patients; 14 surgeons

Unclear

Patients: “majority agreed that the surgeon should supply them with the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of all measures to address the problem, and it was for them ultimately to decide what was right for them;” Surgeons: “not enthusiastic at the prospect of devoting more time to discussing surgical alternatives, risks and complications, and outlook indicators for their patients benefit”

SDM

SG

Morgan et al. (2015) [66]

729 older breast cancer patients

Urgent

In surgery, 41.6% preferred SDM; 34.7% a “doctor-centered” approach; “23.7% a “patient-centered” approach

SDM

–

Older age

Morishige et al. (2017) [67]

1035 patients with irritable bowel disease

Elective

56% “thought having a physician involve them in the decisions concerning their treatment was very important”

SDM

–

Comorbidities, surgical history; use of biologics, treated at an academic hospital, being married

Moumjid et al. (2003) [68]

22 breast cancer patients

Urgent

“most were satisfied with the information given and the possibility of participating to the treatment decision-making process”

SDM

–

Nam et al. (2014) [69]

85 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

Elective

“I prefer that my doctor and I share responsibility” = 29%; ““I prefer that my doctor makes the final decision about which treatment will be used but seriously considers my opinion = 35%

SDM

–

Omar et al. (2016) [70]

100 consecutive patients being seen in a multi-disciplinary stone clinic

Elective

85% “would rely on the physician’s recommendation”

SG

–

Op den Dries et al. (2014) [71]

219 liver transplant candidates and recipients

Urgent

“79.8% wished to be involved in making the decision to accept or not accept a liver for transplantation”

SDM

–

Orsino et al. (2003) [72]

197 end stage renal disease patients

Elective

41.5% preferred “equal responsibility;” 34.5% an “autonomous” role; 23.9% a decision driven by the health care team

SDM

–

Younger age

Pieterse et al. (2008) [73]

70 rectal cancer patients; 25 surgical oncologists

Urgent

The majority of patients and clinicians preferred SDM.

SDM

SDM

Patients: Female, higher education

Ramfelt et al. (2005) [74]

55 rectal or colon cancer patients

Urgent

71% of rectal cancer patients & 75% of colon cancer patients preferred a collaborative role

SDM

–

Younger age

Ratsep et al. (2014) [75]

150 patients with lumbar disc herniation

Elective

47% preferred SDM

SDM

–

Desire for more disease specific information

Salkeld et al. (2004) [76]

175 rectal or colon cancer patients

Urgent

54% preferred a surgeon-guided approach; 29% SDM; 15% a more independent DM role

SG

–

Female, younger age, history of radiation

Santema et al. (2017) [77]

67 patients with either abdominal aortic aneurysm or peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Elective

58% preferred SDM

SDM

–

Trust in doctor, doctor has a clear communication style, doctor listens, enough time for consultation

Seror et al. (2013) [78]

415 young breast cancer patients

Urgent

Preferred a more passive approach (20.7% preferred “fully passive” and 36.4% preferred fairly passive)

SG

–

Sidana et al. (2012) [79]

488 young prostate cancer patients

Urgent

52.3% preferred SDM; 45.8% an “informed decision made by myself based on information”; 2% a passive role

SDM

–

Higher education, type of procedure

Snijders et al. (2014) [80]

103 GI surgeons

Urgent

“most patients were offered only one treatment option and little SDM was seen”

–

SG

Stiggelbout & Kiebert (1997) [81]

52 cancer patients; 48 surgical patients

Unclear

“the physician should make the decisions, but strongly consider my opinion” was selected most frequently

SG

–

Younger age, female

Sung et al. (2010) [82]

93 patients with pelvic floor disorder

Elective

47% preferred a collaborative role; 44% an active role; 9% a passive role

SDM

–

Tyler Ellis et al. (2016) [83]

154 newly diagnosed rectal cancer patients

Urgent

43% of total mesorectal excision patients and 44% of local excision patients preferred SDM

SDM

–

Higher education, younger age

Uldry et al. (2013) [84]

253 patients undergoing elective GI surgery

Elective

64% preferred an active role

IDM

Younger age, male, level of education

Vogel et al. (2008) [85]

137 breast cancer patients

Urgent

40.2% preferred a passive role; 30.6% an active role; 29.2% SDM

SG

–

Higher anxiety scores; multiple treatment options

Wang et al. (2018) [86]

154 breast cancer patients

Urgent

55.2% preferred a collaborative role; 27.5% a passive role; 17.5% an active role

SDM

–

Weiner & Essis (2006) [87]

100 spine clinic patients

Elective

“the majority of patients felt that the physician, rather than the patient, should make the basic treatment decision”

SG

–

Wilson et al. (2017) [88]

157 patients undergoing major thoracic/abdominal operations

Urgent

65.4% preferred a “patient-driven” role; 28.8% SDM; 5.8% a “surgeon-driven” role

IDM

–

Woltz et al. (2017) [89]

50 patients with displaced midshaft clavicular fracture

Elective

36% preferred SDM; 34% “autonomous” role; 30% a passive role

SDM

–

Ziebland et al. (2006) [90]

43 ovarian cancer patients

Urgent

“preferred their medical team to decide on their behalf” or “‘going along with’ their doctor’s recommendation”

SG

–