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Table 10 Examples of potential sentences that are not considered in the test file of the ALTA shared task [12]

From: Combination of conditional random field with a rule based method in the extraction of PICO elements

Examples of potential P sentences that are not considered in the test file

“An estimated 20% of all breast cancer or ovarian and breast cancer cases have familial aggregation.” [32]

“Clinical trials such as the Sudden Cardiac Death Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) are currently underway to investigate the role of the implantable defibrillator in patients with heart failure.” [33]

Examples of potential I sentences that are not considered in the test file

“Tizanidine hydrochloride is a very useful medication in patients suffering from spasticity caused by MS, acquired brain injury or spinal cord injury.” [34]

“Here we describe the influence of local anesthesia and back-muscle-training therapy on subjective and objective pain parameters in 21 low-back-pain patients who had similar clinical status and neurophysiologic findings and whose recurrent low back pain.” [35]

“Laparoscopy is highly accurate and effective in the management of peritoneal dialysis catheter dysfunction and results in prolongation of catheter life.” [36]

“Here, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty may provide immediate pain relief by minimally invasive fracture stabilisation.” [37]