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Table 1 Frequencies (and percentages) for each variable analysed among the 56 data integration projects reviewed

From: Reviewing the integration of patient data: how systems are evolving in practice to meet patient needs

Variable

n

(%)

Until 99 n = 7

2000–2 n = 20

2003–5 n = 29

p §

Projects numbers

Area covered by data integration †

   Region or country

35

(63)

2 (29)

11 (55)

22 (76)

 

P 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55

   Hospital

16

(29)

4 (57)

7 (35)

5 (17)

.037

P 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 37, 46, 53, 54, 56

   Department

5

(9)

1 (14)

2 (10)

2 (7)

 

P 7, 25, 28, 30, 49

Missing

0

(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

  

Sources for patient data integration ‡

   Hospitals

33

(69)

4 (67)

13 (68)

16 (70)

*

P 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56

   Hospital departments

19

(40)

2 (33)

10 (53)

7 (30)

*

P 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39, 46, 49, 53, 54

   Primary care

16

(33)

0 (0)

5 (26)

11 (48)

.020

P 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 22, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 48

   Health portal

4

(8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (17)

.054

P 13, 20, 34, 49

   Private clinics

1

(2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (4)

*

P 13

   Private labs

1

(2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (4)

*

P 13

Missing

8

(14)

1(14)

1(5)

6(21)

  

User groups ‡

   Health professionals

42

(100)

5 (100)

18 (100)

19 (100)

 

P 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56

   Medical users

20

(48)

1 (20)

8 (44)

11 (58)

*

P 9, 10, 17, 18, 20, 25, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56

   Nurses

4

(10)

1 (20)

2 (11)

1 (5)

*

P 38, 42, 55, 56

   Other health prof.

5

(12)

0 (0)

4 (22)

1 (5)

*

P 10, 18, 31, 42, 44

   Patients

2

(5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (11)

*

P 13, 38

   Clerical

1

(2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)

*

P 22

Missing

14

(25)

2(29)

2(10)

10(34)

  

Type of data integrated ‡

   Diagnosis and Problems

40

(77)

6 (86)

13 (76)

21 (75)

*

P 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55

   Images

35

(67)

4 (57)

14 (82)

17 (61)

*

P 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 56

   Lab results

34

(65)

6 (86)

11 (65)

17 (61)

*

P 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 56

   Discharge

33

(63)

2 (29)

12 (71)

19 (68)

*

P 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56

   Procedures

31

(60)

4 (57)

9 (53)

18 (64)

*

P 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55

   Prescription

28

(54)

4 (57)

8 (47)

16 (57)

*

P 1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56

   Admission

25

(48)

3 (43)

7 (41)

15 (54)

*

P 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54

   Transfers

16

(31)

2 (29)

6 (35)

8 (29)

*

P 1, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 37, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54

   Referrals

10

(19)

0 (0)

3 (18)

7 (25)

*

P 1, 15, 22, 27, 34, 37, 38, 41, 47, 52

   Lab orders

9

(17)

0 (0)

3 (18)

6 (21)

*

P 1, 10, 12, 13, 18, 22, 27, 42, 51

   Bio-signal

9

(17)

1 (14)

6 (35)

2 (7)

*

P 3, 22, 27, 42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56

Missing

4

(7)

0(0)

3(43)

1(3)

  

Type of model †,ℓ

   Semantic – all data structured

21

(44)

1 (20)

8 (47)

12 (46)

 

P 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56

   Middleware

19

(40)

3 (60)

8 (47)

8 (31)

 

P 4, 11, 14, 18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51

   Direct communication

5

(10)

1 (20)

1 (6)

1 (12)

 

P 2, 6, 7, 23, 45

   Generic – structure and data dynamic

3

(6)

0 (0)

0 (0)

3 (12)

 

P 1, 17, 36

Missing

7

(13)

2(29)

3(15)

3(10)

  

Medical informatics standards ‡

   HL7 (includes CDA)

23

(68)

2 (67)

12 (80)

9 (56)

*

P 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56

   Just CDA

5

(15)

0 (0)

1 (7)

4 (25)

*

P 16, 21, 27, 34, 52

   DICOM

11

(32)

2 (67)

6 (40)

3 (19)

.071

P 3, 9, 14, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 43, 44, 51

   Other

8

(24)

2 (67)

3 (20)

3 (19)

*

P 3, 27, 32, 33, 35, 38, 47, 51

   GEHR

3

(9)

1 (33)

0 (0)

2 (13)

*

P 3, 17, 36

   SCIPHOX

1

(3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (6)

*

P 34

   MML

1

(3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (6)

*

P 13

Missing

24

(43)

4(57)

5(25)

15(52)

  

Repository ‡

   Database

34

(77)

5 (83)

10 (63)

19 (86)

*

P 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56

   Virtual

11

(25)

1 (17)

7 (44)

3 (14)

*

P 5, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 35, 37, 42, 49, 54

   Files

7

(16)

1 (17)

2 (13)

4 (18)

*

P 9, 10, 20, 22, 26, 31, 38

   PACS

1

(2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)

*

P 25

   LDAP

1

(2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)

*

P 27

Missing

13

(23)

1(14)

4(20)

8(28)

  

Communication method ‡

   Database direct access

9

(30)

4 (80)

1 (13)

4 (24)

.063

P 2, 23, 26, 28, 32, 39, 41, 46, 54

   Web services

8

(27)

0 (0)

1 (13)

7 (41)

.042

P 5, 6, 16, 20, 33, 38, 49, 52

   CORBA

4

(13)

0 (0)

2 (25)

2 (12)

*

P 14, 27, 33, 47

   E-Mail

3

(10)

0 (0)

1 (13)

2 (12)

*

P 15, 20, 34

   DICOM

3

(10)

0 (0)

1 (13)

2 (12)

*

P 25, 31, 43

   DDE

3

(10)

0 (0)

2 (25)

1 (6)

*

P 7, 14, 34

   DHE

3

(10)

0 (0)

2 (25)

1 (6)

*

P 19, 47, 48

   CGI

3

(10)

2 (40)

0 (0)

1 (6)

.082

P 32, 39, 55

   Agents

2

(7)

1 (20)

0 (0)

1 (6)

*

P 11, 26

Missing

28

(50)

2(29)

12(60)

14(48)

  

How data is made available to users ‡

   Web browser

34

(92)

5 (83)

11 (100)

18 (90)

*

P 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56

   Client application

7

(19)

1 (17)

3 (27)

3 (15)

*

P 9, 12, 13, 24, 33, 48, 51

Missing

19

(34)

1(14)

9(45)

9(31)

  

How data is made available to other Information Systems ‡

   Web services

7

(88)

0 (-)

2 (100)

5 (83)

 

P 6, 11, 16, 18, 27, 35, 49

   CORBA

1

(13)

0 (-)

0 (0)

1 (17)

*

P 27

Missing

48

(86)

7(100)

18(90)

23(79)

  
  1. †: single variable with mutually exclusive response categories
  2. ‡: multiple variables with dichotomous response categories (yes or no)
  3. *: not statistically significant
  4. §: linear-by-linear association chi-square test used (except in variable type of model)
  5. ℓ:models used for semantic interoperability: direct communication when the systems create different interfaces to connect; middleware when an API is used to talk with the central repository; semantic when all data has a predefined message template; generic when the document structure accepts evolution without re-defining the whole template. P value calculated using Pearson association chi-square test.
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BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

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