Table 1 Characteristics of the patients with diabetes mellitus in the development dataset (KNHANES V-1)
| Â | Total diabetic patients (N = 490) | Without diabetic retinopathy (N = 406) | With diabetic retinopathy (N = 84) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Sex (male : female) | 253 : 237 | 211 : 195 | 42 : 42 | 0.742†|
|  | Age (years) | 60.8 ± 11.7 | 60.7 ± 11.7 | 61.4 ± 11.6 | 0.463¶ |
|  | Current smoke | 107 (21.8) | 84 (20.7) | 23 (27.4) | 0.177†|
|  | Alcohol (>1 serving/week) | 196 (40.0) | 166 (40.9) | 30 (35.7) | 0.378†|
|  | Physical activity (MET h/week) | 14.6 ± 13.0 | 14.2 ± 12.01 | 16.4 ± 16.6 | 0.673¶ |
|  | Waist circumference (cm) | 87.1 ± 9.7 | 87.4 ± 9.9 | 85.5 ± 8.3 | 0.112‡ |
|  | BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 0.001‡ |
Medical history | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Duration of diabetes (years) | 6.2 ± 7.4 | 5.2 ± 6.7 | 10.6 ± 8.7 | <0.001¶ |
|  | Diagnosed diabetes | 331 (67.6) | 252 (62.1) | 79 (94.1) | <0.001†|
|  | Insulin therapy | 30 (6.1) | 15 (3.7) | 15 (17.9) | <0.001†|
|  | Anti-diabetic drug | 297 (60.6) | 233 (57.4) | 64 (76.2) | <0.001†|
|  | Nondrug anti-diabetic therapy | 331 (67.6) | 252 (62.1) | 79 (94.1) | <0.001†|
|  | Diagnosed hypertension | 267 (54.5) | 228 (56.2) | 39 (46.4) | 0.103†|
|  | Drug for hypertension | 254 (51.8) | 216 (53.2) | 38 (45.2) | 0.184†|
|  | Diagnosed hyperlipidemia | 145 (29.6) | 118 (29.1) | 27 (18.6) | 0.574†|
|  | Drug for hyperlipidemia | 101 (20.6) | 84 (20.7) | 17 (20.2) | 0.926†|
Blood pressure | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.2 ± 16.4 | 126.5 ± 16.1 | 124.9 ± 17.8 | 0.413‡ |
|  | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.3 ± 9.8 | 76.0 ± 9.7 | 72.1 ± 9.9 | 0.001¶ |
Blood test | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | 7.9 ± 1.5 | <0.001¶ |
|  | FPG (mg/dL) | 139.3 ± 42.5 | 136.8 ± 40.5 | 151.2 ± 49.5 | 0.008¶ |
|  | AST (IU/L) | 25.4 ± 12.8 | 25.3 ± 12.5 | 25.8 ± 14.4 | 0.408¶ |
|  | ALT (IU/L) | 26.3 ± 16.4 | 26.3 ± 16.1 | 25.9 ± 17.6 | 0.297¶ |
|  | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 ± 1.5 | 14.2 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 0.003¶ |
|  | Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.3 ± 40.8 | 185.9 ± 39.3 | 187.9 ± 47.5 | 0.836¶ |
|  | HDL (mg/dL) | 47.8 ± 12.1 | 48.0 ± 12.1 | 46.9 ± 12.1 | 0.370¶ |
|  | LDL (mg/dL) | 109.6 ± 34.3 | 109.6 ± 33.8 | 109.7 ± 36.8 | 0.827¶ |
|  | TG (mg/dL) | 180.5 ± 172.7 | 172.9 ± 124.8 | 217.4 ± 313.0 | 0.218¶ |
|  | BUN (mg/dL) | 15.8 ± 5.0 | 15.7 ± 4.9 | 16.2 ± 5.3 | 0.543¶ |
|  | Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.87 ± 0.27 | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.89 ± 0.30 | 0.709¶ |
Urine test | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|  | Protein* (+) | 64 (13.1) | 44 (10.8) | 20 (23.8) | 0.001†|
|  | Glucose* (+) | 123 (25.1) | 90 (22.2) | 33 (39.3) | 0.001†|
|  | Ketone* (+) | 59 (12.0) | 48 (11.8) | 11 (13.1) | 0.744†|
|  | Bilirubin* (+) | 58 (11.8) | 45 (11.1) | 13 (15.5) | 0.257†|
|  | Blood* (+) | 169 (34.5) | 133 (32.8) | 36 (42.9) | 0.076†|
|  | Urobilinogen* (+) | 6 (1.2) | 4 (1.0) | 2 (0.4) | 0.274§ |
|  | Urine creatinine (mg/L) | 123.3 ± 69.9 | 125.9 ± 70.8 | 110.8 ± 64.2 | 0.051¶ |
|  | Urine sodium (mmol/day) | 124.5 ± 47.2 | 126.6 ± 48.1 | 114.3 ± 41.5 | 0.037¶ |