Group | N | Pre-test | Post-test |
---|
M ± SD Median (IQR) | M ± SD Median (IQR) |
---|
App | 33 | 62.73 ± 7.32 64(9) | 68.36 ± 8.45 70 (7) |
70(7) |
Lecture | 33 | 60.3 ± 10.1 62(13) | 62.55 ± 7.3 63 (10) |
63(10) |
Control | 33 | 56.7 ± 10 61(17) | 62.09 ± 6.7 64 (6) |
64(6) |
Test statistics | Â | 0.99 | 15.40 |
P-value |  | 0.37¥ | 0.001¥¥ |
- M ± SD: Mean ± SD, was used for Analysis of variance test
- Median (IQR): Median (Interquartile Range) was used for Kruskal–Wallis test,
- ¥Analysis of variance
- ¥¥Kruskal–Wallis test, (Significance level P < 0.05)
- The mean post-intervention self-efficacy score of the smartphone app group was meaningfully higher than those of the lecture (P = 0.003) and control groups (P = 0.001), according to paired comparisons with Bonferroni correction used to track the differences between the three groups. Nonetheless, the mean post-intervention self-efficacy scores between lecture group and control group were not significantly different (P > 0.05)