Table 1 The main findings of the literature review

[38]

UK

2002

Development and evaluation of a Web-based educational program for lupus patient information

Outpatients

Academic/non-academic

Pilot study

20–30

√

√

21–50

24 months

Web-based educational program

[20]

USA

2009

Comparing differences in long-term results between adults with childhood-onset lupus and with adult-onset SLE

Outpatients

Non-academic

Cohort study

885

√

√

18 years and younger

1-year

Telephone

[21]

USA

2014

Development of a mobile-based app for adolescents with SLE

Outpatients

Non-academic

Not mentioned

18

16–59

2 days

Mobile-based APP

[22]

USA

2014

Investigation and analysis of the burden of lupus on employment and work productivity

Outpatients

Academic/non-academic

Cohort study

689

√

√

18–64

Not mentioned

Web-based registry

[23]

USA

2016

Acquiring objective measuring of physical activity (PA) using an accelerometer and estimations of energy expenditure based on the self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and to describe their relationship

Outpatients

Academic/non-academic

Cross-sectional study

129

√

√

18–65

Over 7 days

Wearable accelerometers

[24]

USA

2016

Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with SLE using questionnaires from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL)

Outpatients

Academic

Not mentioned

333

√

√

 ≥ 18 years old

3 months

Web-based program for self-reported status (PROMIS)

[25]

USA

2016

Development and usability evaluation of the web-based e-Health tool to facilitate Lupus control management

Outpatients

Academic

Not mentioned

43

√

43.6

2 weeks

Web-Based e-Health Tool

[26]

USA

2017

Investigating the feasibility and potential benefits of peer mentoring to modify disease self-management and quality of life in a patient with SLE

Outpatients

Academic

Feasibility study

450

√

18 years of age or older

12 weeks

Telephone

[39]

UK

2017

Surveying self-reports of SLE patients to determine specific subpopulations susceptible to disease state

Outpatients

Non-academic

Pilot study

80

√

18 or older

2-week

Web-based survey and social media

[27]

USA

2018

Providing knowledge and insight into the experiences of African-American women with SLE through a telephone-based peer mentoring intervention

Outpatients

Academic

Qualitative study

27

√

35–44

12-week

Telephone

[28]

USA

2018

Examining medication adherence in adolescents and young adults with lupus

Outpatients

Non-academic

Pilot study

37

√

13–23

8 week

Web -based educational program

[29]

USA

2018

Investigating the feasibility of PROMIS computerized adaptive tests in lupus outpatients

Outpatients

Academic

Feasibility study

238

√

√

40.6 years

Over 13 months

Web-based program for self-reported status (PROMIS)

[30]

USA

2019

Assessing the cost of the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-management (PALS) intervention and specifying its effectiveness when compared to existing treatments

Outpatients

Academic

Pilot study

27

√

18 years of age or older

12-week

Telephone

[31]

USA

2019

Comparing major depression hazards among young adults with lupus, and specifying demographic and health-related predictors of depression by self-reported depressive symptoms

Outpatients

Non-academic

Cohort study

546

√

√

18–45

12 Years

Telephone

[32]

USA

2019

Psychometric assessment of the National Institutes of Health(NIH) PROMIS in a multi-racial and multi-ethnic lupus

Outpatients

Academic/non-academic

Cohort study

431

√

√

46.6

Not mentioned

Web-based program for self-reported health status (PROMIS)

[33]

USA

2019

Implementation and distribution of an African American popular opinion web-based e-learning model to improve lupus awareness

Outpatients

Academic/non-academic

Not mentioned

37

√

√

57

four weekly 2–3-h sessions over 1 month

Web-based e-learning

[34]

USA

2020

Reviewing and analyzing usefulness of cellular text messaging for improving adherence among patients with lupus

Outpatients

Academic

Intervention study

70

√

√

13–25

14 months

Mobile-based text reminders

[40]

Canada

2020

Investigating the effectiveness of a physical activity counseling program using a wearable tracker in people with lupus

Outpatients

Non-academic

Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

110

√

√

53.5

24 months

Wearable tracker

[41]

Thailand

2020

Assessing mental health state and exploring causes associated with the disease-specific quality of life among Lupus patients

Outpatients

Non-academic

Cross-sectional study

344

√

√

26.3

4 weeks

Web-based program

[35]

USA

2021

Development and usability evaluation of an e-toolkit designed to supply skills and knowledge about self-management behaviors for individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus

Outpatients

Academic

Not mentioned

15

√

√

Under 25 years old and over 45 years old

Not mentioned

Web-based e- e-dashboard

[36]

USA

2021

Evaluating the effect of high-intensity periodic education with the help of smartphones in patients with SLE

Outpatients

Academic

RCT

40

√

√

 ≥ 18 years

10 weeks

Mobile-based APP

[42]

Brazil

2022

Analyzing the perceptions and satisfactoriness of a home-based exercise program in SLE and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) adolescent patients during COVID-19, and investigating the outcomes of the intervention on quality of life, sleep quality, and mental health conditions factors

Outpatients

Academic

RCT

51

√

–

10–19 years

12-week

Web-based exercise program

[37]

USA

2022

Assessing the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based treatment program for lupus patients

Outpatients

Academic

Before-and-after study

83

18 years or older

TWO weeks

Web-based therapy program