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Table 2 Characteristics and quality score of included studies

From: An exploration into physician and surgeon data sensemaking: a qualitative systematic review using thematic synthesis

Article

Quality score

Country

Research design

Aim

Study setting

Intervention (Data dissemination process)

Sampling Approach

Data collection methods

Qualitative analysis approach

Barber et al. [55]

95.2%

Canada

Mixed-methods

1. To describe both the operationalisation and reporting of practice performance.

2. To describe rheumatologists’ experiences with reports and group feedback.

Rheumatology Clinic

Audit & Feedback

Rheumatologists who had received individual reports on their practice were invited to complete a survey and interview.

A survey was used to explore report acceptability and usefulness. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to elaborate on experiences.

Thematic Analysis

Cooke et al. [56]

90.5%

Canada

Qualitative

1. To explore physicians behaviours during a group audit and feedback session.

2. To explore how sessions lead to practice change and implementation discussions.

Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary

Audit & Feedback

All group audit and feedback sessions that took place between January 2015 and January 2016 were used.

Recorded group audit and feedback sessions were transcribed for analysis.

Thematic Analysis

Desveaux et al. [57]

100%

Canada

Qualitative

1. To understand cognitive engagement when physicians engage with audit and feedback.

2. To explore how to close the gap between intention and action.

Primary care organization (six clinics)

Audit & Feedback

Physicians were invited to take part if they submitted a self-reflection task after intervention. Told about the research in a staff meeting and follow up reminder emails were used. Recruited until saturation was reached (June-September 2018).

Audio recorded, qualitative semi-structured interviews that were transcribed verbatim were used in conjunction with qualitative data from the self-reflection task.

Thematic Analysis

Eden et al. [58]

71.4%

USA

Qualitative

1. To evaluate family physicians’ perceptions towards performance and peer comparison feedback.

Online survey

Quality Improvement Performance Feedback

Physicians who supplied free-text comments in an online survey (2004-2014).

Three open-ended feedback questions covering how to improve Performance in Practice Modules.

“grounded approach to” Thematic Analysis

Ivanovic et al. [59]

71.4%

Canada

Mixed-methods

1. To create individualised surgeon performance reports.

2. To implement a surgery quality improvement program.

3. To understand surgeons’ perceptions towards the above.

Hospital

Surgeon-Specific Outcome Reports

Six surgeons within the Division of Thoracic Surgery. No additional sampling information was provided.

Interviews to identify facilitators and barriers of using surgeon-specific outcome reports and seminars.

Thematic Analysis