Table 2 Summary of 49 included papers that reported on applications towards supporting diagnosis, disease status assessment, MS sub-typing, and prognosis. See Table 3 for a summary of 17 included papers that reported on other applications. Abbreviations as below in the Table

Diagnosis vs normal

Ahmadi et al. [26]

EEG

OS-ELM;

Accuracy in [90.0%, 91.0%].

Andersen et al. [27]

Metabolomics

LR; RF;

AUC in [81.0%, 86.0%].

Bertolazzi et al. [28]

Genes

KNN; SVM; DT;

Accuracy in [92.0%, 95.0%].

Broza et al. [29]

Breath markers

NN;

Accuracy in [72.0%, 90.0%];

AUC in [79.0%, 87.0%].

Chase et al. [30]

Medical records

NB; NLP;

AUC in [90.0%, 94.0%].

deAndrés-G. et al. [31]

Genetic pathways

Distance-based classifier;

Accuracy in [93.8, 98.2%].

Minimum spanning tree;

Neurogenesis and Hemoglobin related genes.

Galli et al. [32]

Lymphocytes

NN;

TNF, GM-CSF, IFN-\(\gamma\), IL2, and CXCR4.

Goldstein et al. [33]

SNP

RF; LASSO; GLM; KNN; LR;

CRHR1.

Goyal et al. [34]

Cytokines

SVM; NN; DT; RF;

Accuracy = 90.9%; AUC = 95.7%.

Lötsch et al. [35]

Lipid markers

SOM; AdaBoost; KNN; RF;

Accuracy in [92.5%, 100%]; AUC in [92.5%, 100%].

Lötsch et al. [36]

Lipid markers

SOM;

Accuracy in [77.0%, 94.6%]; Ceramides.

Perera et al. [37]

Tremor

Linear Regression; SVR; RF;

Accuracy in [84.2%, 90.8%]; Velocity of index finger.

Prabahar et al. [38]

MicroRNA

SVM;

Accuracy in [87.8%, 90.1%].

Severini et al. [39]

Balance board

SVM;

Accuracy in [83.3, 85.5%].

Telalovic et al. [40]

lncRNAs

RF;

Accuracy in [61.5%, 84.6%].

Torabi et al. [41]

EEG

SVM; KNN;

Accuracy in [79.8%, 93.1%].

Zhang et al. [42]

Genetic pathways

SVM;

Accuracy in [61.2%, 70.3%].

Kiiski et al. [43]

ERPs

Linear Regression;

Visual task is better than auditory task.

Saroukolaei et al. [44]

Enzymes

Linear Regression; NN;

Higher CA.

Sun et al. [45]

Postural sway

RF;

Accuracy in [92.3%, 95.6%].

Diagnosis vs other diseases

Bang et al. [46]

Gut microbial

SVM; KNN; LogitBoost; Logistic Tree;

Accuracy in [96.4%, 98.3%].

Guo et al. [47]

Transcriptomics

KNN; SVM; NB; NN; LR; RF;

Accuracy in [77.2%, 86.4%];

TNFSF10 is allied to the PwMS.

Ohanian et al. [48]

Key symptoms

DT;

Accuracy in [79.2%, 81.2%];

Immune domain is useful in this case.

Ostmeyer et al. [49]

B-cell receptor

Optimize Log Likelihood;

Accuracy in [72.0%, 87.0%].

Disease status

Azrour et al. [50]

Gait analysis

DT;

EDSS score in [< 0.97 (No MS), >4.15 (MS)].

Fritz et al. [51]

Falls risk

LR;

Fallers and near-fallers are at similar risks.

Gudesblatt et al. [52]

Falls risk

RF;

Accuracy in [82.9%, 91.2%];

F1 score in [78.9%, 91.3%].

Haider et al. [53]

Body movements

SVM; KNN; RF;

Accuracy in [95.5%, 100%].

Jackson et al. [54]

Genetic markers

RF;

19 genetic variants.

Kosa et al. [55]

Clinical data, MEP

GA;

CombiWISE is better than MRI measures.

McGinnis et al. [56]

Gait speeds

SVR;

RMSE speed in [0.12 m/s, 0.14 m/s].

Morrison et al. [57]

Motor assessment

DT; SVM;

Visualisation reduce gap between human and ML.

Shahid et al. [58]

Clinical data

KNN; SVM; RF; Rough Set;

Accuracy in [79.7%, 84.0%].

Supratak et al. [59]

Walking speed

SVR;

Walking speed in [0.57 m/s, 1.22 m/s].

MS sub-types

Acquarelli et al. [60]

Pathology

NLP; Clustering;

Pathological profiles and disease duration.

Fiorini et al. [61]

Clinical data

LS; LR; SVM; KNN;

Accuracy in [75.0%, 78.3%];

F1 score in [62.3%, 70.2%].

Gronsbell et al. [62]

EMR

SSL;

Accuracy in [92.9%, 93.9%].

Gupta et al. [63]

Microbiomics

RF;

Specificity = 86.4%; Sensitivity = 45.4%.

Lim et al. [64]

Kyneurenine

DT; DA; CART; SVM;

Accuracy in [83.0%, 91.0%].

Lopez et al. [65]

Genetic signatures

Clustering;

CD69, CCR5, IL13, and STAT3.

Prognosis

Bejarano et al. [66]

Clinical, MEP

NB; NN; LR; DT; Linear Regression;

Accuracy in [67.0%, 80.0%]; AUC in [65%, 76.0%].

Brichetto et al. [67]

Clinical data

Supervised Algorithms;

Accuracy in [82.6%, 86.0%].

Briggs et al. [68]

Clinical data

LASSO;

Obesity and smoking.

Flauzino et al. [69]

Clinical data

LR; NN;

AUC = 84.2; Lower IL4.

Pruenza et al. [70]

Clinical data

RF;

AUC in [80.0%, 82.0%].

Tacchella et al. [71]

Clinical data

RF;

AUC in [69.6%, 72.5%].

Yperman et al. [72]

MEP

RF; LR;

AUC in [72.0%, 75.0%].

Zhao et al. [73]

Clinical data

SVM; LR;

Accuracy in [68.0%, 73.0%].

Zhao et al. [74]

Clinical data

SVM; KNN; AdaBoost;

Accuracy in [76.0%, 90.0%].