Table 4 Disease stage prediction
Art | Mdl | Dom | Subdomain | Variables | Output | System training | Statistical outcome | Validation set |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[62] | ANN | CaP | staging of localised disease | Age, race, DRE, tPSA, size of tumour on ultrasound, Gl, bilaterality of cancer and number of positive cores and perineural infiltration | Margin, seminal vesicle and lymph node positivity | 1200, patients’ data from multicentre | AUC 0.77, 0.79, 0.8 | 20% CV |
[63] | FSS | CaP | Localised disease staging | Age, PSA, PSAD, DRE, TRUS, Gl, CT, bone scan, chest x-ray, MRI | Localised or advanced | 16 Cases | Se 92%, Sp 84%, Ac 82% | 43 cases RRP |
[64] | ANN | CaP | Lymph node staging in CaP post RPP | Age, Gl, clinical stage | Lymph node spread | 736 data from one centre clinically localised CaP | Se 64%, Sp 81.5%, PPV 14%, NPV 98% | 1840 and 316 cases from 2 centres |
[65] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer staging post RRP | Age, tPSA, Gl, clinical stage | Lymph node spread or organ confinement | 5744 data from one centre clinically localised CaP | AUC 77%, 88% for LN | 25% CV random |
[66] | ANN | CaP | Stage prediction post RRP | Age, histological variables from biopsy | CaP stage | 97 cases with non-organ confined | Prediction accuracy ranged from 82 to 90% | Â |
[66] | ANN | CaP | Stage prediction post RRP | Age, histological variables from biopsy, tPSA and TPV | CaP stage | 77 cases with non-organ confined and extracapsular spread | Prediction accuracy ranged from 82 to 90% | Â |
[67] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer staging post RRP PSA 2–10 | tPSA, TNM, Gl (ANNA1) | localised disease | 124 data from 2 centres Clinically localised CaP | AUC 0.82 | 20% (n = 36 patients) |
[67] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer staging post RRP PSA 2–10 | tPSA, TNM, Gl, maximum tumour length (ANNA2) | localised disease | 124 data from 2 centres Clinically localised CaP | AUC 0.88 | 20% (n = 36 patients) |
[67] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer staging post RRP PSA 2–10 | tPSA, TNM, Gl, maximum tumour length, PSAD (ANNA3) | localised disease | 124 data 2 centres Clinically localised CaP | Ac 83.3%, Se 85%, Sp 83%, PPV 73%, NPV 90% AUC 0.9 | 20% (n = 36 patients) |
[67] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer staging post RRP PSA 2–10 | tPSA, TNM, Gl, maximum tumour length PSAD, age (ANNA4) | localised disease | 124 data 2 centres Clinically localised CaP | AUC 0.87 | 20% 36 patients |
[68] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer staging post RRP | tPSA, TPV, TZV, PSAD, TZ, Gl | Pathological stage t2-4 | 201 cases from multinational European cancer data base (PSA 10 or less) | AUC 0.87 | 61 prospective set |
[69] | ANN | CaP | diagnosis of skeletal metastasis | Age, tPSA | skeletal Mets | 111 retrospective cases in one centre | AUC 0.88, Se 87.5%, Sp 83.3% | Bootstrap CV |
[70] | ANN | CaP | Stage prediction post RRP | DRE, % of cancer, sum of tumour length, % cancer length and maximum cancer core length | advanced cancer (> pT3a) | 300 randomly selected from retrospective data | AUC 0.71, Se 63%, Sp 81%, Ac78% | 232 random selected set |
[70] | SVM | CaP | Stage prediction post RRP | DRE, % of cancer, sum of tumour length, % cancer length and maximum cancer core length | advanced caner (> pT3a) | 300 randomly selected from retrospective data | AUC 0.81, Se 67%, Sp 79%, Ac77% | 232 random selected set |
[71] | ANN | CaP | Define precise stage | PSA, clinical stage, pathological stage, Gl (other added for different set: erection, IPSS, TRUS size, MRI stage | margin, seminal vesicle and lymph node positivity | From 7500 patients’ data from BAUS database and remodelled with external data of 85 patients | AUC 0.38–0.67, concordance index for variables | 10 folds CV |
[71] | BN | CaP | Define precise stage | PSA, clinical stage, pathological stage, Gl (other added for different set: erection, IPSS, TRUS size, MRI stage | margin, seminal vesicle and lymph node positivity | From 7500 patients’ data from BAUS database and remodelled with external data of 85 patients | AUC 0.01–0.67 concordance index for variables | 10 folds CV |
[71] | kNN | CaP | Define precise stage | PSA, clinical stage, pathological stage, Gl (other added for different set: erection, IPSS, TRUS size, MRI stage | margin, seminal vesicle and lymph node positivity | From 7500 patients’ data from BAUS database and remodelled with external data of 85 patients | AUC 0.33–0.6 concordance index for variables | 10 folds CV |
[71] | RBF | CaP | Define precise stage | PSA, clinical stage, pathological stage, Gl (other added for different set: erection, IPSS, TRUS size, MRI stage | margin, seminal vesicle and lymph node positivity | From 7500 patients’ data from BAUS database and remodelled with external data of 85 patients | AUC 0.45–0.5 concordance index for variables | 10 folds CV |
[71] | SVM | CaP | Define precise stage | PSA, clinical stage, pathological stage, Gl (other added for different set: erection, IPSS, TRUS size, MRI stage | margin, seminal vesicle and lymph node positivity | From 7500 patients’ data from BAUS database and remodelled with external data of 85 patients | AUC 0.5 concordance index for variables | 10 folds CV |
[72] | ANN | CaP | Staging post RRP | Age, tPSA, n Positive cores, involvement per core, % of positive core | Organ confinement and metastasis | 870 multicentre data | Ac 60% | 120 cases, Accuracy estimation |
[73] | FNM | CaP | Cancer staging of organ confinement | Age, PSA, Primary Gleason Pattern, secondary Gleason pattern, clinical stage | Organ confinement and metastasis | 399 cases from research network database | AUC 0.8, FNM outperformed ANN, FCM, LR | ROC AUC vs other models |
[74] | ANN | Nsc | staging | vascular, lymphatic, tunical invasion, percentage of embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, teratoma and seminoma | Stage one or two | 93 cancer specimen, single centre | Prediction accuracy 79.6 to 87.1%, | 10 folds CV |