Art | Mdl | Dom | Subdomain | Variables | Output | System training | Validation | Statistical outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[33] | ANN | CaP | Pre-biopsy diagnosis with TRUS variables | Age, PSA, number of biopsies, clinical diagnosis, PSAD, TRUS variables | Cancer or benign | N = 442 from single centre database | ROC AUC NPV, PPV ½ CV | NPV 97%, PPV 82% better than LR |
[34] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis PSA 2.5–4 | Age, tPSA, creatinine phospho kinase, prostatic acid phosphatase | Cancer or benign | Multicentre data 522 (PSA 2.5–4) | ROC AUC CV 152 cases | AUC 0.74 |
[35] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis PSA 4–10 | Age, tPSA, %fPSA, TPV, DRE | Risk of cancer | 656 data from Finnish trial | ROC, Sp, Se LOO | Se 79%, Sp 57%, Ac 62%, PPV 35, NPV 90 |
[36] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis PSA 2–20 | Age, tPSA, %fPSA, TPV, DRE | Risk of Cancer | 1188 multi centre | ROC, Sp, Se, 1/10 CV | Sp 90%, Se 64% |
[36] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis in trial patients with PSA 4–10 | Age, tPSA, %fPSA, TPV, DRE | Risk of Cancer | 1188 multi centre | ROC, Sp, Se, 204 trial data PSA 4–10 | Se 95%, Sp 23.3%, CI 17.4%–30.2%, P < 0.0002 |
[37] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | fPSA, TZD, PSAV, %f PSA, TZV, t PSA, and PSAD | Cancer or benign | PSA 2.5–4, 272 patients, multicentre data | ROC, AUC ¼ CV | AUC 0.88 |
[37] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | TZD, % f PSA, PSAD and TPV | Cancer or benign | PSA 4–10, 974 patients, multicentre data | ROC, AUC ¼ CV | AUC 0.91 |
[38] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis after initial negative biopsy PSA 4–10 | t PSA, %f PSA, TPV, TZV, PSAD, TZD | Cancer or benign | 820 patients with PSA 4–10 European cancer detection studies | ROC AUC 1/3 CV | AUC 0.83 |
[39] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis of BPE and CaP | Age, ethnicity, FH, IPSS, t PSA, %f PSA, DRE | Risk of cancer | Multicentre 354 patients, multicentre | ROC vs LR, 144 test set 40% CV | AUC ANN 0.8, LR 0.5 |
[40] | FRB | CaP | Early diagnosis | Age, t PSA, TPV | Risk of cancer | Experts aided in developing 77 fuzzy rules | Not published | None |
[41] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis PSA 2–10 | Age, tPSA, %fPSA, TPV, TZV, PSAD, TZD = ANNA 1 | Cancer and benign | 228 data one centre | ROC, 30% CV | AUC 0.78 |
[41] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis PSA 2–10 | ANNA 1 + presumed circle area ratio and DRE | Cancer and benign | 228 data one centre | ROC 30% CV | AUC 0.79, Sp 45%, Se 90% |
[42] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | Age, tPSA, TPV, PSAD, DRE, and TRUS findings | Cancer and benign | 3814 prostate cancer screening data | ROC AUC 1/3 CV, 2 centres prospective data | AUC: 0.74, 0.76, and 0.75 prospective 0.73, 0.74 |
[43] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | Age, DRE, PSA, PSAD, TZV, TZD = ANNA | Cancer and benign | TRUS, single centre 684 data | ROC AUC 1/4 CV | AUC 0.74 |
[43] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | ANNA + TRUS findings | Cancer and benign | TRUS, single centre 684 data | ROC AUC 1/4 CV | AUC 0.86 |
[44] | FNM | CaP | Diagnosis, PSA < 20 | Age, PSA, %f PSA | Cancer and benign | 1030 patients’ data, one centre | ROC, Sp, Se, 1/4 CV | AUC 0.8, Sp 52%, Se 90% |
[45] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer early diagnosis PSA 4–10 | Age, tPSA, %fPSA, TPV, DRE | Cancer or benign | 606 multicentre group (PSA 4–10) | ROC AUC, 1/10 CV | AUC 0.83, AUC 0.74 in Finish group |
[45] | ANN | CaP | Prostate cancer early diagnosis PSA 4–10 | Age, tPSA, %fPSA, TPV, DRE | Cancer or benign | 656 Finnish cancer survey group (PSA 4–10) | ROC AUC, 1/10 CV | AUC 0.77 |
[46] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | Age, DRE, t PSA and f PSA | Cancer and benign | 1509 with PSA < 20, Single centre | ROC AUC, 1/5 CV | AUC 0.74 |
[46] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | Age, DRE, t PSA, f PSA, TPV and TRUS findings | Cancer and benign | 1509 with PSA < 20, Single centre | ROC AUC, 1/5 CV | AUC 0.75 |
[47] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis with -2 Pro PSA | Age, TPV, tPSA, %fPSA, p2 PSA, %p2 PSA (-2 proPSA) | Cancer and benign | PSA 1–30, 586 one centre | ROC, Sp, Se LOO 586 | AUC 0.85, Sp 62%, Se 90% |
[48] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis pre-biopsy | Age, DRE, tPSA, PSAD, TZD, TRUS findings | Benign and malignant | 600 patients with suspected CaP | ROC AUC, 477 random | AUC 0.77 |
[48] | SVM | CaP | Diagnosis pre-biopsy | Age, DRE, tPSA, PSAD, TZD, TRUS findings | Benign and malignant | 600 patients with suspected CaP | ROC AUC, 477 random | AUC 0.85 |
[49] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis PSA 2–20 | Age, tPSA, %f PSA, DRE, TPV | Cancer and benign | Testing Prostataclass | ROC AUC, 165 patients one centre | AUC (PSA 2–10) 63–69%, (PSA 10–20) 57–88% |
[50] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis | Age, tPSA, %f PSA | Prognosis: cancer or not | 121 Patients data from one centre | ROC AUC, 30% CV 29 patients | AUC 0.92 |
[51] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis of clinically significant cancer | Age, DRE, PSA, PRV, TRUS, Biopsy cores | Disease clinical significance | 3025 multicentre data | Accuracy estimation | Ac 57% |
[52] | ANN | CaP | Diagnosis of cancer | Age, DRE, PSA, %fPSA, and TPV | Cancer and benign | 204 PSA between 4 -10 | ROC AUC | AUC 0.72 |
[53] | ANN | CaP | PHI index and TPV in diagnosis | Age, TPV, %fPSA, tPSA, PHI, %P2PSA | Cancer and benign | 220 cases PSA < 10 | ROC AUC | AUC 0.81 |
[53] | ANN | CaP | PHI index and TPV in diagnosis | Age, %fPSA, tPSA, PHI, %P2PSA | Cancer and benign | 221 cases PSA < 10 | ROC AUC | AUC 0.77 |
[54] | FRB | CaP | Diagnosis | Age, PSA, TPV | Cancer and benign | 78 TRUS cases from Urology clinic | None | None |
[55] | ANN | Fert | Sperm count | Age, duration of infertility, FSH, LH, TT and PRL, testicular volume | Presence of spermatozoa | 303 patient’s data | ROC AUC then kappa stats of LR, test set 73 random | Se 68%, Sp 87.5%, PPV 73.9%, NPV 84% |
[56] | ANN | Fert | Endocrinopathy with low sperm count | Testis volume, total sperm count, | Endocrinopathy | 1035 Data from 2 centres | ROC AUC | AUC 0.95 |
[57] | ANN | Fert | Microdissection testicular sperm extraction | Age, FSH level, cryptorchidism and Klinefelter Syndrome | Sperm retrieval | 1026 data, one centre | ROC AUC | Se 67% Sp 49.5% PPV, 63.9% NPV 52% Ac 60.8% |
[58] | ANN | U Dys | Interpretation of U dyn and symptoms | Neurological and physical symptoms, flowmetry, cystometry, U dyn | Areflexia, hyper-reflexive, effort incontinence | 400 U Dyn data | 80 patients, 1/5 CV, | Accuracy 85% |
[59] | ANN | U Dys | Interpretation of U dyn and symptoms | Neurological and physical symptoms, flowmetry, cystometry, U dynamics | Healthy or ill | 300 patients with LUT disease | ROC, Ac, 1/5 CV | Accuracy 89% |
[60] | ANN | U Dys | Bladder outlet obstruction | values of the average flow rate, Qmax, PVR and TPV | Obstructed, non-obstructed, and equivocal | N = 457 cases from single centre | Accuracy estimation 157 cases | Ac 60% (testing) 75% (training) |
[61] | ANN | BPD | IPSS interpretation | IPSS subdomain scores | Obstructed, non-obstructed, and equivocal | N = 460 from single centre | Accuracy estimation 157 cases | Ac 73% |