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Table 2 Potential predictor variables and hospital-acquired pressure injury development

From: Hospital acquired pressure injury prediction in surgical critical care patients

Variable

All patients

Patients with no HAPrI

n = 4768

Patients with a HAPrI

n = 333

p value

Demographic data

    

 Age in years, M (SD)

57.8 (17%)

58 (17%)

58 (15%)

p = .74

 Sex, male, n (%)

3302 (65%)

3086 (65%)

216 (65%)

p = 1.0

 Race, White, n (%)

4256 (83%)

3988 (84%)

268 (81%)

p = .13

 Ethnicity, non-Hispanic, n (%)

4452 (87%)

4166 (87)

286 (86%)

p = .54

Laboratory data

    

 Serum lactate (mg/dL), M (SD)

4.0 (3.7)

3.9 (3.6)

5.9 (5.0)

p < .001

 Serum creatinine (mg/dL), M (SD)

1.9 (1.9)

1.8 (1.9)

2.8 (2.1)

p < .001

 Serum glucose (mg/dL), M (SD)

231 (148)

228 (143)

285 (200)

p < .001

 Hemoglobin (mg/dL), M (SD)

9.0 (2.6)

9.1 (2.6)

7.6 (2.2)

p < .001

 Serum albumin (mg/dL), M (SD)

3.1 (0.8)

3.2 (0.7)

2.7 (0.6)

p < .001

 Arterial PaO2 (mmHg), M (SD)

54 (40)

55 (40)

46 (31)

p < .001

 Arterial pH, M (SD)

7.27 (0.11)

7.27 (0.10)

7.22 (0.13)

p < .001

Nursing skin-assessment data

    

 Thin epidermis, n (%)

882 (18%)

801 (17%)

81 (24%)

p = .001

 Skin tear, n (%)

641 (13%)

548 (11%)

93 (28%)

p < .001

 Community-acquired pressure injury, n (%)

168 (3%)

138 (2.9%)

30 (9%)

p < .001

Surgical time

    

 Longest surgery, minutes, M (SD)

181 (156)

179 (152)

204 (197)

p < .001

Vasopressor infusions

    

 Vasopressin dose (units/min), M (SD)

0.01 (0.03)

0.01 (0.03)

0.02 (0.03)

p < .001

 Norepinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min), M (SD)

0.06 (0.42)

0.05 (0.29)

0.25 (1.18)

p < .001

 Norepinephrine (yes/no), n (%)

1154 (23%)

982 (21%)

172 (52%)

p < .001

 Epinephrine (yes/no), n (%)

1490 (29%)

1352 (28%)

138 (41%)

p < .001

 Phenylephrine (yes/no), n (%)

190 (4%)

173 (4%)

17 (5%)

p = .22

 Dopamine (yes/no), n (%)

205 (4%)

186 (4%)

19 (5%)

p = .14

 Vasopressin (yes/no), n (%)

1757 (34%)

1586 (33%)

171 (51%)

p < .001

Other potential predictors

    

 MEWS score, M (SD)

4.3 (1.9)

4.1 (2.0)

6.2 (1.9)

p < .001

 GCS, M (SD)

9.2 (4.8)

9.3 (4.7)

6.8 (4.6)

p < .001

 Fluid status (liters), M (SD)

2.3 (2.1)

2.2 (2.0)

3.7 (2.6)

p < .001

 Length of ICU stay prior to HAPrI (days), M (SD)

5 (7)

4.6 (6.2)

13 (9.9)

p < .001

 Riker score, M (SD)

2.8 (1.2)

2.9 (1.2)

2.1 (1.2)

p < .001

 BMI (kg/m2), M (SD)

30.1 (12.4)

30.1 (12.5)

30.7 (11.0)

p = .36

Braden Scale scores

    

 Braden Scale total score, M (SD)

13 (3)

13 (3)

11 (3)

p < .001

 Braden Mobility subscale, M (SD)

2.0 (0.7)

2.1 (0.7)

1.6 (0.7)

p < .001

 Braden Friction subscale, M (SD)

1.9 (0.5)

1.9 (0.5)

1.6 (0.6)

p < .001

  1. HAPrI, hospital-acquired pressure injury; arterial PaO2, arterial partial pressure of oxygen; MEWS, Modified Early Warning Scale; GCS, Glasglow Coma Scale; Riker, Riker Sedation and Agitation Scale; BMI, body mass index