Skip to main content
Fig. 5 | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Fig. 5

From: Can statistical adjustment guided by causal inference improve the accuracy of effect estimation? A simulation and empirical research based on meta-analyses of case–control studies

Fig. 5

Forest plot of an empirical meta-analysis on passive smoking and breast cancer [18]. SE, standard error; IV, inverse variance; CI, confidence interval. A weak but significant association between passive smoking and breast cancer was detected in primary analysis. Underestimated results slightly shrank the effect and gave a false negative estimation, while overestimated results substantially amplified the effect

Back to article page

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

ISSN: 1472-6947

Contact us