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Fig. 4 | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Fig. 4

From: Can statistical adjustment guided by causal inference improve the accuracy of effect estimation? A simulation and empirical research based on meta-analyses of case–control studies

Fig. 4

Error rate of effect estimations under different adjustment strategies. Error rate was presented according to different ORAY in the target population. Solid symbol represents type II error (where ORAY ≠ 1), and hollow symbol represents type I error (where ORAY = 1). OR, odds ratio; A, exposure; Y, outcome. When ORAY was away from 1, error rate was low for every adjustment strategy. When ORAY was around 1, error rate was acceptable only for full adjustment strategy

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