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Fig. 2 | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Fig. 2

From: Can statistical adjustment guided by causal inference improve the accuracy of effect estimation? A simulation and empirical research based on meta-analyses of case–control studies

Fig. 2

Pooled ORs of meta-analyses in scenario Ref (ORAY = 2). OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; A, exposure; Y, outcome. Pooled crude OR (no covariates) overestimated the true effect. The overestimation gradually decreased with the adjustment of more confounders. Pooled full-adjusted OR (6 confounders) had the closest effect estimation. Further adjustment of risk factor, mediator or collider slightly affected the estimation accuracy. Pooled all-adjusted OR (all covariates) underestimated the true effect

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BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

ISSN: 1472-6947

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