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Fig. 1 | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Fig. 1

From: Can statistical adjustment guided by causal inference improve the accuracy of effect estimation? A simulation and empirical research based on meta-analyses of case–control studies

Fig. 1

Directed acyclic graph in the target population. A, exposure; Y, outcome; L, confounder; R, risk factor; M, mediator; C, collider. The causation from A to Y can be reached in four ways: (1) the direct path A → Y; (2) the indirect path through mediators A → M → Y; the backdoor path through common causes A ← L → Y or A ← L → R → Y; and (3) the front-door path by conditioning on common effects

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BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

ISSN: 1472-6947

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