Table 3 PRISMA diagram checklist

Title

 Title

Identify the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, or both

Title

Abstract

 Structured summary

Provide a structured summary including, as applicable: background; objectives; data sources; study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions; study appraisal and synthesis methods; results; limitations; conclusions and implications of key findings; systematic review registration number

Abstract and key words

Introduction

 Rationale

Describe the rationale for the review in the context of what is already known

Background, paragraph 1–3

 Objectives

Provide an explicit statement of questions being addressed with reference to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS)

Background, paragraph 4

Methods

 Protocol and registration

Indicate if a review protocol exists, if and where it can be accessed (e.g., Web address), and, if available, provide registration information including registration number

N/A

 Eligibility criteria

Specify study characteristics (e.g., PICOS, length of follow-up) and report characteristics (e.g., years considered, language, publication status) used as criteria for eligibility, giving rationale

Methods, paragraph 1

 Information sources

Describe all information sources (e.g., databases with dates of coverage, contact with study authors to identify additional studies) in the search and date last searched

Methods, paragraph 1 and Table 2

 Search

Present full electronic search strategy for at least one database, including any limits used, such that it could be repeated

Methods, paragraph 1 and Table 2

 Study selection

State the process for selecting studies (i.e., screening, eligibility, included in systematic review, and, if applicable, included in the meta-analysis)

Methods, paragraph 2 and Fig. 1

 Data collection process

Describe method of data extraction from reports (e.g., piloted forms, independently, in duplicate) and any processes for obtaining and confirming data from investigators

Methods, paragraph 2 and Fig. 1

 Data items

List and define all variables for which data were sought (e.g., PICOS, funding sources) and any assumptions and simplifications made

Methods, paragraph 2 and Table 1

 Risk of bias in individual studies

Describe methods used for assessing risk of bias of individual studies (including specification of whether this was done at the study or outcome level), and how this information is to be used in any data synthesis

Methods, paragraph 2 and Table 3

 Summary measures

State the principal summary measures (e.g., risk ratio, difference in means)

N/A

 Synthesis of results

Describe the methods of handling data and combining results of studies, if done, including measures of consistency (e.g., I2) for each meta-analysis

N/A

 Risk of bias across studies

Specify any assessment of risk of bias that may affect the cumulative evidence (e.g., publication bias, selective reporting within studies)

Methods, paragraph 2 and Table 3

 Additional analyses

Describe methods of additional analyses (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, meta-regression), if done, indicating which were pre-specified

N/A

Results

 Study selection

Give numbers of studies screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the review, with reasons for exclusions at each stage, ideally with a flow diagram

Methods, paragraph 2, Results, paragraph 1 and Fig. 1

 Study characteristics

For each study, present characteristics for which data were extracted (e.g., study size, PICOS, follow-up period) and provide the citations

Results and Table 1

 Risk of bias within studies

Present data on risk of bias of each study and, if available, any outcome level assessment (see item 12)

Table 3

 Results of individual studies

For all outcomes considered (benefits or harms), present, for each study: (a) simple summary data for each intervention group (b) effect estimates and confidence intervals, ideally with a forest plot

Results, outcomes and Table 1

 Synthesis of results

Present results of each meta-analysis done, including confidence intervals and measures of consistency

N/A

 Risk of bias across studies

Present results of any assessment of risk of bias across studies (see Item 15)

Table 3

 Additional analysis

Give results of additional analyses, if done (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, meta-regression [see Item 16])

N/A

Discussion

 Summary of evidence

Summarize the main findings including the strength of evidence for each main outcome; consider their relevance to key groups (e.g., healthcare providers, users, and policy makers)

Discussion, paragraph 1

 Limitations

Discuss limitations at study and outcome level (e.g., risk of bias), and at review-level (e.g., incomplete retrieval of identified research, reporting bias)

Discussion, paragraph 5

 Conclusions

Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence, and implications for future research

Conclusion

Funding

 Funding

Describe sources of funding for the systematic review and other support (e.g., supply of data); role of funders for the systematic review

Declarations