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Table 2 Univariate analysis of home-monitoring parameters in the domains; (a) Spirometry, (b) activity, (c) sleep, (d) medication use, (e) heart rate and respiratory rate. Data are shown as mean ± SD or median (IQR)

From: WEARCON: wearable home monitoring in children with asthma reveals a strong association with hospital based assessment of asthma control

a) Spirometry

Uncontrolled

Controlled

Non-asthmatic

P-value

(ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis)

Pre-exercise FEV1 (% predicted)

82.2 ± 16.0

86.1 ± 8.9

98.0 ± 9.5 a,b

< 0.01 *

Pre-exercise FEF25–75 (% predicted)

66.9 ± 20.9

75.3 ± 17.7

90.0 ± 20.5 a,b

< 0.01 *

Pre-exercise PEF (% predicted)

77.4 ± 22.2

81.7 ± 14.4

98.1 ± 18.2 a,b

< 0.01 *

Variation pre-exercise FEV1 (% predicted)

18.0 ± 10.3

9.4 ± 5.4 b

7.6 ± 4.3 b

< 0.01 *

FEV1 change after exercise (%)

− 11.5 ± 11.9

−0.6 ± 7.6 b

−1.6 ± 3.7 b

< 0.01 *

FEV1 change during symptoms (%)

−30.2 ± 21.4

−6.1 ± 8.1 b

–

< 0.01 *

b) Activity

Uncontrolled

Controlled

Non-asthmatic

P-value

(ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis)

Sedentary activity (min/day)

568 ± 97

566 ± 90

573 ± 89

0.97 *

Light activity (min/day)

270 ± 50

274 ± 51

270 ± 47

0.92 *

Moderate activity (min/day)

97 ± 35

88 ± 33

92 ± 30

0.65 *

Vigorous activity (min/day)

7.4 ± 8.5

6.0 ± 7.9

9.4 ± 9.2

0.95 *

Activity length (seconds)

22.7 ± 2.3

21.9 ± 2.4

22.5 ± 2.3

0.39 *

Scale parameter (a.u.)

12.9 ± 1.9

12.2 ± 1.9

12.7 ± 1.8

0.33 *

c) Sleep

Uncontrolled

Controlled

Non-asthmatic

P-value

(ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis)

Wake-up-time (h:min)

6:28 (6:17–6:59)

7:18 (7:00–7:34) b

7:01 (6:45–7:20)

< 0.01 ^

Awake minutes per night (min)

59.9 ± 19.9

51.6 ± 16.5

53.1 ± 17.5

0.19 *

Time per awakening (min)

2.66 ± 0.82

2.40 ± 0.87

2.36 ± 0.53 b

0.06 *

Sleep efficiency (%)

89.0 ± 3.8

91.2 ± 5.0

90.4 ± 3.0

0.23 *

Total sleep time per night (min)

496 ± 62

514 ± 81

498 ± 54

0.60 *

Sleep restlessness before wake-up (counts)

3.37 (2.56–4.87)

2.79 (1.91–4.12)

2.76 (2.48–3.18) b

0.07 ^

d) Medication use

Uncontrolled

Controlled

Non-asthmatic

P-value

(ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis)

Reliever use (n.o.u.)

16.5 (1–34)

3 (0–5) b

–

0.04 ^

Reliever use after activity (n.o.u.)

0.5 (0–5.5)

0 (0–0) b

–

< 0.01 ^

Reliever use before activity (n.o.u.)

0 (0–5)

0 (0–0) b

–

< 0.01 ^

Controller adherence (% of prescribed)

81.1 ± 30.9

92.7 ± 19.1

–

0.24 *

e) Heart rate & respiratory rate

Uncontrolled

Controlled

Non-asthmatic

P-value

(ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis)

Daytime heartrate (beats/min)

101 ± 17

97 ± 16

102 ± 10

0.08 *

Daytime respiratory rate (breaths/min)

19.7 ± 2.9

18.5 ± 2.2

19.3 ± 2.0

0.16 *

Nighttime heartrate (beats/min)

79 ± 16

72 ± 14

71 ± 9

0.36 *

Nighttime respiratory rate (breaths/min)

17.5 ± 2.6

15.6 ± 1.6 b

15.2 ± 2.2 b

< 0.01 *

Heart rate recovery time (seconds)

54.4 (36.2–111.5)

27.5 (22.0–51.5) b

29.0 (20.2–35.1) b

< 0.01 ^

Respiratory rate recovery time (seconds)

60.7 (35.8–101.3)

23.1 (15.7–30.5) b

16.2 (11.1–20.3) b

< 0.01 ^

  1. Abbreviations: FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEF25–75 Forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the expiratory volume, PEF Peak expiratory flow, n.o.u. Number of use, min Minute, h Hour, a.u. Arbitrary unit
  2. aP < =0.05 compared to controlled asthma
  3. bP < =0.05 compared to uncontrolled asthma
  4. *Normally distributed (ANOVA)
  5. ^ Not normally distributed and/or inhomogeneity of variances (Kruskal-Wallis)