Table 2 Diabetes App (Non-)Use and Social Support – Study 1
Non-User of Diabetes Apps | Diabetes App User | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
App user type | The diabetes app non-user without interest in diabetes apps | The interested non-user of diabetes apps | The dissatisfied adopter of diabetes apps | The experienced diabetes app switcher | The consistent long-term diabetes app user |
Self-management | No risk group, experienced with good perceived diabetes knowledge, mainly good self-management | Diabetes risk group, lacking diabetes knowledge or misperceptions, avoidance strategies, insufficient self-management, dangerous health behaviors | No risk group, good diabetes knowledge (educated at young age), good self-management | No risk group, very good diabetes knowledge, very good self-management, experienced, strict regimen | No risk group, specialized diabetes knowledge, intense diabetes education, good self-management, strict carb counting, active |
Medical specialty of healthcare professionals (HCPs) | Mainly general practitioners | Mainly general practitioners | Diabetes specialists | General practitioners or diabetes specialists | Diabetes specialists, partly other HCPs as part of a diabetes program |
Perceived physician quality | Partly incontent, or content after choosing selected physicians | Incontent, physicians not supportive (with exceptions) | Content but also seeing downsides | Content or incontent, depending on medical specialty of physician | Content, physicians as “friends” |
Decision-making | Independent patient decision-making | Dependent or independent patient decision-making with dangerous health behaviors | Independent patient decision-making but listening to HCP advice, shared decision-making | Independent patient decision-making | Shared decision-making with close relationships between HCP and patient |
Physician communi-cation | Partly short consultations, no engagement, patients need to ask questions to receive information | Short consultations, physicians not helpful, answer questions only (no further engagement) | Consultations also through Email/online/ calls, close relationships with intense communication, partly busy doctors | Short consultations (general practitioners), longer consultations but more expensive (specialists), partly contact through Email | Discussions similar to friends’ relationships, honesty in consultations, partly long consultations |
Support group participation | Support group leader or follower | No support group participation or support group follower only | Support group follower or leader, volunteering for other patients, part of diabetes program | Support group leader or follower | Support group leader, part of a diabetes or app pilot program |
Family/friend support | Managing without support or negative influences by family/friends (but perceived relevance of support) | Managing without support, rarely support by family | Involvement/ support by family only right after diagnose (beginning of the disease) | Support especially by friends, family support | Partly family support, sometimes negative family/friend influences |
Interviewees (IP no., age group, diabetes type) | IP2, 56–60, T2DM IP7, 66–70, T2DM IP8, 61–65, T1DM IP9, 66–70, pre-diab (IP17, 61–65, T2DM) | IP4, 46–50, T2DM IP10, 56–60, T2DM (IP12, 61–65, T2DM) IP15, 46–50, T2DM IP20, unknown, T2DM | IP1, 16–20, T1DM IP11, 21–25, T1DM IP16, 21–25, T1DM IP18, 16–20, T1DM | IP3, 66–70, T2DM IP13, 56–60, T1DM IP21, 56–60, T1DM | IP5, 26–30, T2DM IP6, 56–60, T2DM IP14, 41–45, T1DM IP19, 31–35, T1DM |