Table 2 Adjusted odds ratio of characteristics associated with the use of diagnostic imaging studies during the emergency department visit (vs. no imaging use), NHAMCS 2012–2016

Male vs Female

1.13(1.07–1.19)

1.03(0.92–1.15)

1.18(1.12–1.25)

1.01(0.91–1.13)

1.15(1.03–1.28)

1.20(0.97–1.50)

  < 1 year

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 1–6 year

0.91(0.83–1.00)

0.58(0.47–0.72)

0.93(0.84–1.03)

0.62(0.50–0.77)

0.93(0.70–1.23)

0.83(0.44–1.54)

 6–12 year

1.57(1.43–1.73)

0.76(0.60–0.96)

1.48(1.33–1.64)

0.78(0.61–0.99)

2.19(1.68–2.86)

1.44(0.77–2.69)

 12–18 year

2.33(2.12–2.56)

0.84(0.66–1.08)

1.85(1.68–2.05)

0.79(0.61–1.03)

4.50(3.49–5.80)

1.91(1.01–3.62)

Non-Hispanic vs Hispanic

1.19(1.12–1.27)

1.21(1.05–1.40)

1.21(1.14–1.29)

1.16(1.00–1.35)

1.32(1.16–1.52)

1.32(0.98–1.79)

 White

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Black

0.75(0.70–0.80)

0.88(0.77–1.00)

0.84(0.78–0.90)

1.03(0.90–1.18)

0.49(0.42–0.58)

0.44(0.32–0.61)

 Asian

0.85(0.71–1.03)

1.29(0.94–1.76)

0.89(0.73–1.08)

1.22(0.88–1.68)

0.54(0.34–0.86)

0.60(0.28–1.26)

 Other

0.74(0.58–0.95)

0.65(0.43–0.99)

0.80(0.61–1.04)

0.79(0.52–1.20)

0.55(0.30–1.01)

0.45(0.16–1.28)

 Private residence

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Nursing home

1.45(0.74–2.83)

2.01(0.58–7.04)

1.14(0.55–2.37)

2.14(0.61–7.54)

4.65(2.03–10.62)

2.26(0.42–12.21)

 Homeless

0.80(0.34–1.88)

0.87(0.11–6.93)

0.85(0.34–2.10)

1.48(0.21–10.60)

1.54(0.36–6.51)

1.46(0.09–23.04)

 Other

1.42(1.03–1.96)

0.62(0.32–1.22)

1.44(1.03–2.02)

0.67(0.33–1.36)

1.60(0.89–2.90)

0.35(0.08–1.56)

 Private insurance

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Medicare

0.89(0.67–1.17)

1.16(0.68–1.98)

0.86(0.64–1.16)

0.99(0.56–1.74)

1.14(0.71–1.84)

2.61(1.17–5.81)

 Medicaid or CHIP

0.66(0.62–0.70)

0.82(0.73–0.92)

0.74(0.69–0.78)

0.88(0.78–0.99)

0.50(0.44–0.56)

0.75(0.60–0.95)

 Uninsured

0.73(0.64–0.82)

0.82(0.65–1.03)

0.76(0.67–0.86)

0.86(0.68–1.09)

0.72(0.56–0.91)

0.80(0.51–1.26)

 Other

0.89(0.75–1.05)

1.10(0.79–1.52)

1.00(0.84–1.18)

1.27(0.91–1.76)

0.92(0.68–1.26)

0.70(0.34–1.44)

 Yes vs No

1.54(1.39–1.70)

1.19(0.96–1.49)

1.32(1.18–1.46)

1.04(0.83–1.30)

3.70(3.19–4.29)

2.40(1.75–3.31)

 2012

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 2013

0.85(0.79–0.92)

0.73(0.63–0.86)

0.90(0.83–0.97)

0.75(0.63–0.88)

0.70(0.59–0.82)

0.72(0.53–1.00)

 2014

0.87(0.81–0.94)

0.79(0.68–0.93)

0.91(0.84–0.99)

0.80(0.68–0.94)

0.77(0.66–0.90)

0.76(0.55–1.04)

 2015

0.98(0.90–1.06)

0.89(0.76–1.06)

0.98(0.90–1.07)

0.89(0.75–1.05)

0.89(0.76–1.04)

0.98(0.71–1.34)

 2016

0.97(0.90–1.05)

1.01(0.85–1.19)

1.02(0.94–1.11)

1.14(0.96–1.34)

0.75(0.63–0.89)

0.67(0.47–0.94)

 Dec-Feb

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Mar-May

1.05(0.98–1.13)

1.15(0.99–1.33)

1.03(0.95–1.11)

1.05(0.90–1.22)

1.13(0.97–1.32)

1.46(1.07–1.98)

 Jun-Aug

0.94(0.87–1.01)

0.83(0.71–0.97)

0.89(0.82–0.97)

0.77(0.66–0.90)

1.02(0.87–1.20)

0.95(0.68–1.34)

 Sep-Nov

1.08(1.01–1.16)

1.00(0.87–1.16)

1.03(0.95–1.11)

0.86(0.74–1.00)

1.21(1.04–1.42)

1.43(1.05–1.93)

 Sunday

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Monday

1.05(0.96–1.15)

0.96(0.79–1.15)

1.00(0.91–1.10)

0.91(0.75–1.10)

1.25(1.02–1.54)

0.93(0.63–1.37)

 Tuesday

1.06(0.97–1.17)

1.17(0.97–1.42)

1.02(0.93–1.13)

1.20(0.99–1.46)

1.24(1.00–1.53)

0.99(0.67–1.47)

 Wednesday

1.03(0.93–1.13)

0.99(0.81–1.20)

0.99(0.89–1.09)

0.93(0.76–1.14)

1.25(1.01–1.54)

1.08(0.73–1.60)

 Thursday

1.10(1.00–1.21)

1.01(0.83–1.23)

1.04(0.94–1.16)

0.94(0.77–1.15)

1.31(1.06–1.61)

1.28(0.88–1.86)

 Friday

1.10(1.00–1.21)

0.93(0.76–1.14)

1.07(0.96–1.18)

0.98(0.80–1.20)

1.30(1.05–1.61)

0.85(0.56–1.29)

 Saturday

1.01(0.92–1.11)

0.84(0.69–1.02)

0.98(0.88–1.08)

0.85(0.70–1.05)

1.21(0.98–1.49)

0.96(0.64–1.44)

 Morning

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Afternoon

1.06(0.99–1.15)

0.96(0.82–1.12)

1.06(0.98–1.15)

0.90(0.77–1.06)

1.06(0.91–1.25)

1.18(0.86–1.62)

 Evening

1.09(1.00–1.18)

0.87(0.74–1.03)

1.11(1.02–1.21)

0.87(0.74–1.03)

1.01(0.85–1.20)

0.98(0.70–1.37)

 Night

0.94(0.87–1.01)

0.89(0.77–1.04)

0.96(0.88–1.04)

0.88(0.75–1.03)

0.96(0.82–1.13)

1.06(0.77–1.46)

 Immediate and Emergent

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Urgent and Semi-urgent

1.09(0.97–1.23)

1.07(0.86–1.33)

1.07(0.94–1.21)

1.11(0.88–1.40)

0.82(0.67–0.99)

0.93(0.66–1.32)

 Nonurgent

0.59(0.53–0.66)

0.53(0.43–0.60)

0.78(0.69–0.88)

0.78(0.62–0.98)

0.21(0.17–0.26)

0.23(0.16–0.33)

 36 C-38 C

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

  < =36 C

1.00(0.84–1.17)

0.77(0.55–1.09)

0.93(0.78–1.11)

0.77(0.53–1.10)

1.08(0.78–1.50)

1.21(0.66–2.21)

  > 38 C

0.97(0.89–1.06)

1.79(1.48–2.16)

1.18(1.08–1.29)

2.04(1.69–2.48)

0.29(0.21–0.39)

0.67(0.39–1.16)

 60–80

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

  < 60

0.60(0.57–0.64)

1.08(0.91–1.28)

0.69(0.65–0.73)

1.01(0.85–1.21)

0.44(0.39–0.50)

1.12(0.81–1.55)

  > 80

1.27(1.16–1.38)

1.12(0.94–1.34)

1.17(1.07–1.29)

1.09(0.91–1.31)

1.46(1.25–1.70)

0.99(0.72–1.35)

 80–120

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

  < 80

0.61(0.58–0.65)

0.83(0.68–1.00)

0.72(0.68–0.77)

0.93(0.76–1.14)

0.35(0.30–0.42)

0.70(0.45–1.08)

  > 120

1.49(1.40–1.59)

1.02(0.89–1.18)

1.35(1.26–1.45)

0.99(0.86–1.15)

1.77(1.57–2.00)

1.08(0.83–1.40)

 60–90

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

  < 60

0.56(0.50–0.61)

1.03(0.78–1.36)

0.64(0.58–0.71)

1.27(0.96–1.68)

0.59(0.49–0.72)

0.90(0.54–1.49)

  > 90

0.58(0.55–0.61)

0.89(0.79–1.01)

0.69(0.65–0.74)

1.02(0.89–1.16)

0.43(0.39–0.48)

0.89(0.70–1.13)

  > =95 vs < 95

0.57(0.50–0.66)

0.61(0.45–0.82)

0.51(0.44–0.59)

0.51(0.38–0.68)

1.05(0.76–1.45)

1.11(0.57–2.18)

 Mild

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Moderate

2.85(2.64–3.08)

2.15(1.90–2.44)

2.46(2.27–2.67)

1.97(1.73–2.24)

2.48(2.12–2.90)

1.72(1.32–2.22)

 Very severe

3.26(2.99–3.56)

2.70(2.32–3.13)

2.72(2.49–2.98)

2.33(2.00–2.72)

3.02(2.56–3.57)

1.94(1.45–2.59)

 Injury/trauma

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

Reference [1]

 Overdose/poisoning

0.19(0.14–0.27)

0.18(0.09–0.34)

0.23(0.16–0.33)

0.24(0.12–0.46)

0.21(0.09–0.52)

0.23(0.05–0.96)

 Adverse effect of medical/surgical treatment

0.31(0.23–0.41)

0.20(0.11–0.37)

0.29(0.21–0.39)

0.21(0.11–0.41)

0.72(0.44–1.18)

0.67(0.23–1.91)

 Not related to any above

0.37(0.35–0.39)

0.32(0.28–0.36)

0.34(0.32–0.36)

0.28(0.24–0.31)

0.43(0.38–0.48)

0.60(0.48–0.76)

 Questionable injury status

0.27(0.16–0.48)

0.39(0.10–1.49)

0.22(0.11–0.42)

0.11(0.02–0.90)

0.77(0.31–1.92)

5.68(1.14–28.22)

 No vs Yes

1.16(1.01–1.33)

1.11(0.83–1.49)

1.21(1.04–1.41)

1.21(0.89–1.65)

0.97(0.73–1.28)

0.89(0.51–1.56)

Cancer

1.48(0.93–2.36)

1.31(0.30–5.78)

1.35(0.83–2.22)

0.67(0.14–3.24)

2.34(1.12–4.89)

2.85(0.46–17.53)

Cerebral Cardiovascular disease

3.81(1.39–10.48)

–

2.99(1.12–7.98)

–

11.59(4.21–31.93)

–

COPD

2.64(1.88–3.70)

5.85(2.89–11.85)

3.25(2.32–4.56)

7.87(3.91–15.84)

0.14(0.02–1.02)

–

Congestive Heart Failure

3.81(0.91–15.93)

–

2.99(0.75–11.96)

–

2.76(0.34–22.38)

–

HIV

0.71(0.23–2.17)

–

0.64(0.19–2.24)

6.55(0.51–83.75)

1.20(0.16–9.07)

2.81(0.16–50.30)