Fig. 1

PICO recognition example. Visualisation of the trained model’s predictions of PICO elements within a reference (title and abstract) from the Proton Pump Inhibitors review. The interventions tags correspond to drug names, participant spans cover characteristics of the population, but erroneously include details of the intervention. The latter demonstrates the model’s ability to nest shorter spans within longer pans. The outcomes cover spans for qualitative and quantitative measures. Screenshot from the brat system [23]