Table 2 The items in the questionnaires of round 1 Delphi survey

1. Goals and planning

2. Feedback and monitoring

3. Shaping knowledge

4. Social support

5. Reward and threat

6. Natural consequences

7. Improving the compliance

8. Asthma information

9. Patient skills training

10. Non-pharmacological interventions

Sub- dimensions

1.1 Goal setting (outcome/behavior)

1.2 Asthma action plans

2.1 Self-monitoring of behavior

2.2 Self-monitoring of outcomes of behavior

2.3 Feedback

3.1 Demonstration of the behavior

3.2 Behavior substitution

4.1 Practical social support

4.2 Emotional support

5.1 Social reward

5.2 Threat

6.1 Information about health consequences

6.2 Salience of consequences

7.1 Prompts

7.2 Regulation

8.1 The nature of asthma

8.2 Asthma medication

8.3 Management of asthma exacerbation

8.4 Management of comorbidities

9.1 Peak flow meter usage

9.2 Inhaler technique

10.1 Identifying and avoiding risk factors

10.2 Good life style

Items

1.1.1 Ask patients to reflect on what they would consider as good asthma control

1.1.2 The purpose of asthma control is to have good asthma control and no limited activities

1.1.3 Set specific behavior goals in terms of the behavior to be achieved

1.1.4 State the factors that influence the behavior, and generate strategies that overcome barriers and increase facilitators

1.1.5 Set goals in terms of a positive outcome

1.1.6 Re-set new goals in light of achievement

1.2.1 Patient should be provided with an asthma action plan, and updated in time

1.2.2 State that asthma action plan helps patient to recognize and response appropriately to worsening asthma

1.2.3 Set detailed planning of performance of the behavior

1.2.4 Patients need to affirm commitment to change the behavior

2.1.1 States that the valid approaches for self-monitoring are PEF monitoring and symptom recognition

2.1.2 Provides reminders to monitor PEF everyday, and can record details

2.1.3 Provides reminders to monitor symptoms everyday, and can record details

2.1.4 Provides a diary to record medication

2.1.5 Provides a diary to record patients’ feeling

2.1.5 Provides a diary to record return visit

2.2.1 Provides a diary to record lung function test

2.2.2 Provides a diary to record worsening asthma-related events

2.2.3 Provides a diary to record factors related to worsening asthma, such as weather

2.2.4 Provides asthma assessment tools

2.3.1 Monitors and provides informative or evaluative feedback on performance of the behavior

2.3.2 Provide professional feedback information based on patients’ inhaler technique

2.3.3 Provides evaluative feedback on asthma status

2.3.4 Provides informative feedback on asthma severity based on PEF values

2.3.5 Generates PEF/symptoms summary visualization

2.3.6 Provides result feedback through connecting medical devices

3.1.1 Provide video tutorials or animations of peak flow meter use

3.1.2 Provide video tutorials or animations of inhaler devices use

3.1.3 Provides video tutorials or animations to display instructions of spacer for patients

3.2.1 States wanted or neutral behavior to substitute the unwanted behavior

3.2.2 States repetition of the wanted behavior

4.1.1 Allows establishing a cooperative relationship between doctors and patients

4.1.2 Allows setting goals by patients and doctors

4.1.3 Provides video tutorials or animations about asthma information introduced by medical workers

4.1.4 Allows users to share health data with medical workers through email

4.1.5 Allows patients to communicate with patients with controlled asthma

4.2.1 States that friends, relatives and medical workers should provide emotional support

4.2.2 Provides encouragement and consultation from friends, relatives and medical workers

4.2.3 Provides self-incentive in performing the behavior

5.1.1 Send incentive information if there has been progress in performing the behavior

5.2.1 Do not send incentive information if patients with unwanted behavior

6.1.1 Provides information about health consequences of performing the behavior

6.1.2 Provides information about social and environmental consequences of performing the behavior

6.2.1 Provides methods specifically designed to emphasize the consequences of performing the behavior

7.1.1 Set environmental or social stimulus in order to prompt the behavior

7.1.2 Allows users to set reminder for medication/return visit

7.1.3 Provides reminders for checking inhaler to ensure inhalers are not empty

7.1.4 Provides reminders for checking inhaler to ensure inhalers are in date

7.2.1 Provides stress-reduction strategies to prevent symptoms from worsening

7.2.2 States the importance of avoiding use of multiple different inhaler types

8.1.1 Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease, together with airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation

8.1.2 Asthma is caused by a combination of endogenous (genetic) and external (environment) causes.

8.1.3 Respiratory symptoms of asthma are wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough

8.1.4 Asthma severity can be assessed as mild asthma, moderate asthma, and severe asthma

8.1.5 Asthma cannot be cured, but can be effectively controlled through effective management.

8.1.6 Early controller treatment of asthma is critical to achieving optimal outcomes

8.2.1 Asthma medications include controller medications and reliever medications

8.2.2 Controller medications can be used to reduce airway inflammation, control symptoms, and reduce future risks

8.2.3 Controller medications should be used for regular

8.2.4 Reliever medications are used to relief breakthrough symptoms

8.2.5 Reliever medications are used as needed

8.2.6 Local side-effects of ICS include oral thrush and dysphonia

8.2.7 Side-effects of oral corticosteroids include osteoporosis, hypertension, and diabetes, etc.

8.2.8 Side-effects of ß₂-agoinsts include tachycardia and tremor

8.2.9 Patients need to carry asthma reliever medications (such as Ventolin solution) with them in case of emergency

8.3.1 Early signs and symptoms of worsening asthma are sneezing, runny nose, dry cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, etc.

8.3.2 Symptoms of asthma exacerbations are a progressive increase in symptoms of shortness of breath, cough, wheezing or chest tightness

8.3.3 It is important to adjust treatment plan and went to see the doctor in time

8.3.4 Patients were removed from the allergen environment, inhale ß₂ agonist, and went to see the doctor in time

8.4.1 Complications should be treated, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, and symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease

8.4.2 Obese patient should lose weight

9.1.1 Operational criteria of peak expiratory flow meter: taking a deep breath; sealing your mouth tightly around the mouthpiece; blowing as hard and as fast as you soon; checking the number, re-setting the pointer to zero; and repeating two more times

9.1.2 A peak flow meter is used for monitoring lung function changes in patients

9.1.3 Patients should use the same meter each time

9.2.1 Patients should be encouraged to participate in the choice of inhaler device

9.2.2 Emphasizes the importance of correct inhaler technique

9.2.3 States that patients should breathe deeply and hold their breath for a few seconds for effective use of inhaler devices

9.2.4 Patients should rinse and spit the mouse after using the inhaled hormone

9.2.5 States that appropriate use of spacer device can improve effect and reduce adverse drug reactions

10.1.1 States identifying risk factors that make asthma worse

10.1.2 States the importance of avoidance of environmental smoke exposure

10.1.3 States the importance of avoidance of occupational exposures

10.1.4 States the importance of avoidance of medications that may make asthma worse

10.1.5 States the importance of avoidance of allergens exposure

10.2.1 States the importance of consuming a diet high in fruit and vegetables

10.2.2 States the importance of avoidance of indoor air pollutants

10.2.3 States the importance of engaging in regular physical activity