Fig. 4

Array of t-SNE plots each highlighting providers of a specific specialty. Each 2-D density plot (grey) is the same as shown in Additional file 5: Figure S4A, and represents the set of 227,573 Medicare Part D providers ×2791 drug claims. Included providers had ≥ 1000 prescription claims in 2013. The plot is a heatmap, with densities representing increased numbers of providers. Provider specialties are shown in red to emphasize their collocation by prescribing pattern, and are labeled by NPPES self-reported specialty designation. Note the separation of provider clusters, even to the extent that subspecialties (annotated in blue) are distinguishable within the specialty cluster (e.g. Cardiology and Cardiac Electrophysiology