Table 2 HIO Presence and Hospital Participation in Markets with different Hospital and Vendor Characteristics

Constant

−0.232

(0.158)

54.8**

(17.4)

 Moderate (5–8)

0.185*

(0.079)

−5.2

(5.8)

 High (9+)

0.190**

(0.068)

−10.9*

(4.7)

Hospital Competition (Ref: Non-competitive, HHI= 0.46–1.00)

 Moderately Competitive (0.25–0.45)

− 0.118

(0.063)

−8.4

(4.7)

 Highly Competitive (0.00–0.24)

−0.252**

(0.078)

−10.2

(6.0)

For-Profit Hospital Market Share (Ref: Low 0–57%)

 High For-Profit Hospital Market Share (> 57%)

−0.067

(0.053)

−5.6

(3.9)

 Moderate (3–4)

0.208**

(0.070)

5.4

(5.0)

 High (5+)

0.318***

(0.095)

7.0

(6.6)

 Moderately Competitive (0.38–0.62)

0.033

(0.059)

−6.9

(4.5)

 Highly Competitive (0.00–0.37)

−0.039

(0.072)

−11.2*

(5.6)

Alternative HIE Approach (Ref: No)

 Yes (50–100% of hospitals on Epic)

0.144**

(0.046)

1.2

(3.1)

% Hospital Participation in Patient Centered Medical Home and/or Accountable Care Organizations

0.004***

(0.001)

0.1

(0.21)

Avg. % Revenue from Shared Risk Programs

0.004

(0.005)

0.1

(0.3)

% Inpatient Days Medicare

0.002

(0.002)

0.1

(0.2)

% Inpatient Days Medicaid

0.007

(0.004)

0.1

(0.3)

Hospital Beds per 1000 residents

−0.001

(0.002)

0.1

(0.2)

FTE Hospital Staff per 1000 residents

0.000

(0.000)

0.0

(0.0)

Percentage of Hospitals in Urban Settings

0.005***

(0.001)

0.0

(0.1)

Number of Physicians (Weighted County Average)

−0.000*

(0.000)

0.0

(0.0)

State Fixed Effects

Included

Included

n

469

298

R²

0.44

0.16