Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

• studies that included adult patients with chronic diseases (except diabetes) as the target population

• studies that involved using a mobile application

• studies that focused on disease management or health promotion

Exclusion criteria

• studies that included healthy people, pregnant women, non-adults (i.e., adolescents and children), and healthcare providers

• studies that used only qualitative methods or simple usability tests

• studies that measured psychological outcomes only