Table 3 Stakeholders
| Governmental services | Academic institutions |
Software companies Private-sector companies | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPRDa |
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) - Department of health via the Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) [15] | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) |
IMS Health© [180] Several EHR software systems [15] |
| THIN | In Practice System - Cegedim©, IMS Health© [16] | ||
| Q research | University of Nottingham and its division of Primary Care [42] | EMIS [42] | |
| Veterans databasea | Veterans Health Administration [152] | VISTA, developed by the Veterans Health Administration [152] | |
| Geisinger© Health System project |
Geisinger© Health system [30] IBM [162] | ||
| General Electric Centricity© electronic medical records research database | General Electric© [181] | ||
| OCHIN, Inc |
US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act | OCHIN SafetyNetWest Practice-Based Research Network, non-profit partnership with academic researchers, governed by a board of directors | EpicCare [22] |
|
Baylor Health Care System (BHCS) and Christiana Care Health System (CCHS) | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services | One commercial EHR system [166] | |
| University of California Davis Health System electronic medical record system | University of California [168] | University of California Davis Health System electronic medical record (Epic, Verona, WI) | |
| CHCI | eClinicalWorks [170] | ||
| MGPO |
Massachusetts General Hospital - Radiology Department associated with the Massachusetts General Physician Organization Primary Care Operations Improvement Group | ||
| OpenDoor |
Columbia University New York University School of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Primary Care Development Corporation | eClinicalWorks [173] | |
| New York City Primary Care Information Project | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | eClinicalWorks [21] | |
| IFH |
Funding from New York state Health Resources and Services Administration | EpicCare ambulatory EHR [20, 176] | |
| Department of Family medicine - Wisconsin | Wisconsin State Division of Public Health |
Department of Family Medicine University of Wisconsin [178] | |
| CPCSSNa and Delphi | Public Health Agency of Canada [24] |
- Centre for Studies in Primary Care at Queen’s University [24] and several universities - College of family physicians [24] | Several EHR software systems [24] |
| EMRALDa | Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, depending on the projects [74] |
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, a prescribed entity under Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act [70] - University of Toronto and its Department of Family and Community Medicine - University of Ottawa | Several EHR software systems: Practice Solutions Software electronic medical record, Oscar [74] |
| IPCIa | No |
Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam: Department of Medical Informatics, Unit of Pharmaco-epidemiology [29], Department of General Practice [29] | No |
| Nivel-PCD a | Dutch Ministry of Health [41] |
- Groningen University, Free University of Amsterdam, Utrecht University and more - National college of GPs - National association of GPs [41] | NIVEL owns the Information Communications Technology (ICT) department and has close links with vendors of ICT systems [41] |
| LINH |
Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL) Dutch Ministry of Health [41] |
- IQ healthcare - National association of GPs - Dutch College of GPs [41] | |
| Julius General Practitioners Network (JGPN) databasea | No |
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care at Utrecht University Medical Center [39]. - GPs’ Networks at each Dutch University - Representatives of care groups (groups of GPs from the same area) have a seat in the scientific committee. | Information Communications Technology company (called Proigia) extracts primary care data from GP practices and send them to the database |
| RNH |
Department of Family Medicine, subdivision of the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences at Maastricht University. Maastricht University Medical Center. CAPHRI, school for public health and primary care [89] | ||
| Transform projecta | Depending on the country | Several universities worldwide (e.g., Crete, Antwerp) [79] |
TransHIS Custodix, Belgium, for central data linkage |
| SIDIAP | Catalan Institute of Health [31] |
- Jordi Gol Primary Care Research Institute - Girona Research Support Unit [31] |
eCap, Catalan software company [31] IMS Health© [180] |
| ECRPC Madrid | Madrid Regional Health Authority | ||
| BIFAPa |
6 projects administered and financed by Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices), a public agency belonging to the Spanish Department of Health [95] - Institutional collaboration of the regional governments of the nine participant Autonomous Communities |
- Department of General Practice - Learned societies of GPs’ support - One GP who is an active BIFAP collaborator appointed as member of the BIFAP Scientific Committee. |
in-house IT and pharmaco-epidemiologist teams No private-sector company |
| GRAPHC |
- Australian National University - Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute [182] | ||
| Canning Division of General Practice | Australian General Practice Network | ||
| MEGPN | Independent accredited not-for-profit organization [27] | PCS Clinical Audit Tool© Practice Health Atlas© | |
| Integoa | Flemish government, Department of Health Care [54] |
- Department of General Practice of the KU Leuven [54] - Other universities. - GPs’ participation in the ethics and scientific committee |
- Datasoft, Medidoc - Careconnect EHR - No private-sector company involved in data analysis |
| NIHDI | Public social security institution [23] | Extraction module on EHR [23] | |
| Health Search Database / CSD© | Cegedim© [77] | ||
| Swedestar project |
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Unit of Research and Development in Primary Care, Jönköping - Lindsdals Primary Health Centre [96] | Swedestar software [96] | |
| FIRE |
- Institute of General Practice of Zurich University [97] - “SGAM informatics”, a study group of the Swiss Association of GPs [26] | Grhanite extracting tool | |
| LPD network - Cegedim | Doc’ware software - Cegedim© [8] |