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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review

From: Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review

Author

Year of publication

Country

Number participants

Methods

Clinical problem

Type of decision

Cognitive bias (n)

Type of cognitive bias

Data quality*

Redelmeier

1995

Canada

639

Survey

Ostoearthritis, TIA

Management and Treatment

1

Multiple alternative/Decoy bias

5

Ross

1999

UK

407

Survey

Depression

Treatment and management

1

Outcome bias

6

Graber

2000

USA

232

Survey

Headache, abdominal pain, depression

Diagnosis

1

Information bias

4

Sorum

2003

USA, France

65

Survey

Prostate cancer

Diagnosis

1

risk aversion

4

Baldwin

2005

USA

46

Experimental

Brochiolitis

Management

2

risk aversion, Ambiguity tolerance

5

Friedman

2005

USA

216

Survey

NR

Diagnosis

1

Overconfidence

4

Reyna

2006

USA

74

Survey

Unstable angina

Diagnosis and management

1

risk aversion

5

Bytzer

2007

Denmark

127

Video-cases

Reflux, epigastric pain

Diagnosis

1

Infromation bias

4

Dibonaventura

2008

USA

2206

Survey

Immunization

Treatment

2

omissions and naturalness bias

4

Mamede

2010

Netherlands

36

Experiment

Hepatitis, IBD, MI, Wernicke, Pneumonia, UTI, Meningitis

Diagnosis

1

Availability, Reflective reasoning

5

Mamade

2010

Netherlands

84

Survey

Aortic dissection, pancreatitis, hepatitis, pericarditis, hyperthiroidism, sarcoidosis, lung cancer, pneumonia, claudication, bacterial endocarditis

Diagnosis

1

Deliveration without attention

3

Gupta

2011

USA

587

Survey

Abdominal pain, headache, trauma, asthma, chest pain

Diagnosis

1

Outcome bias

6

Perneger

2011

Switzerland

1439

Survey

HIV infection

Treatment-Prognosis

1

Framing effect

4

Stiegler

2012

USA

64

Delphi and 38 simulated encounters

anaphylaxis, malignant hyperthermia, difficult airway, and pulmonary embolism

Treatment and management

10

anchoring, availability bias, premature closure, feedback bias, framing effect, confirmation bias, omission

4

Ogdie

2012

USA

41

Narratives

NR

Diagnosis

9

Anchoring, availability, framing effect, blind obedience, confirmation

3

Meyer

2013

USA

118

Survey

Abdominal pain, headache and rash, fever and arthralgias

Diagnosis

1

Overconfidence

4

Crowley

2013

International

71

Pathology cases

Vesicular and diffuse dermatitides

Diagnosis

8

anchoring, availability bias, confirmation bias, overconfidence

4

Saposnik

2013

Canada

111

Case-scenarios from real practice

Stroke

Prognosis

2

Overconfidence, anchoring

5

Msaouel

2014

Greece

153

Survey

Tuberculosis, CAD

Diagnosis

2

Gambler’s and Conjunction fallacy

5

Yee

2014

USA

94

Experimental

Deliveries

Management and Treatment

1

Ambiguity tolerance/aversion

7

  1. *Data quality assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa acale (NOS)