Table 4 Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for each combination of formulas. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the R package “pROC”. A value of 1 for the dependent variable (case) denotes the Kampo formula listed in the upper row. A value of 0 for the dependent variable (control) denotes the Kampo formula listed in the bottom row. AUC > 0.5 indicates preferential use of the Case Kampo formula when the patient gave a positive response (or relatively higher response in the case of visual analogue scales) for each item. In contrast, AUC < 0.5 indicates use of the Control Kampo formula when the patient gave a positive response. Items with AUC values over 0.7 or under 0.3 are shown in bold, indicating strongly suggestive results. Item names with (Bi) means binary questions, and without (Bi) means questions with visual analogue scales

  Appetite loss (Bi)

0.506

0.355

0.361

  Good appetite (Bi)

0.521

0.513

0.535

  Slow speed of the meal (Bi)

0.515

0.496

0.511

  Fast speed of the meal (Bi)

0.502

0.518

0.520

 Difficulty falling asleep

0.610

0.319

0.442

 Arousal during sleep

0.562

0.307

0.372

 Early-morning awakening

0.611

0.242

0.385

 I dream frequently (Bi)

0.424

0.429

0.353

 Single dose of urine large (Bi)

0.497

0.507

0.503

 Single dose of urine low (Bi)

0.555

0.474

0.529

 Difficulty urinating

0.554

0.511

0.565

 Urination pain

0.509

0.500

0.509

 Urine leakage

0.484

0.573

0.552

 Enuresis

0.500

0.500

0.500

 Hard stool (Bi)

0.490

0.535

0.525

 Small and round stool (Bi)

0.400

0.568

0.468

 Soft stool (Bi)

0.442

0.475

0.417

 Diarrhea

0.490

0.456

0.446

 Hard to stool (Bi)

0.546

0.489

0.535

 Hemorrhoid

0.486

0.484

0.474

 Anal prolapse

0.528

0.485

0.513

 Bloody stool

0.489

0.496

0.485

 Taking laxatives (Bi)

0.527

0.505

0.532

 Depressed mood

0.267

0.491

0.291

 Forgetfullness

0.488

0.403

0.393

 Irritated

0.287

0.698

0.496

 Dry skin

0.391

0.527

0.428

 Itchy skin

0.508

0.544

0.564

 Acne

0.457

0.513

0.470

 Blot

0.378

0.524

0.405

 Urticaria

0.442

0.561

0.505

 Wart

0.484

0.498

0.482

 Athlete’s foot

0.542

0.522

0.566

 Brittle nails

0.415

0.541

0.458

 Get tired easily

0.359

0.439

0.296

 Easy to sweat

0.364

0.573

0.449

 Night sweats

0.477

0.503

0.479

 Hot flush

0.286

0.648

0.464

 Heat intolerance

0.426

0.580

0.522

 Cold intolerance

0.497

0.427

0.428

 Attenuation of sexual desire

0.505

0.447

0.449

 Impotence (male)

0.519

0.485

0.504

 Neck stiffness

0.353

0.484

0.356

 Shoulder stiffness

0.402

0.438

0.362

 Back stiffness

0.464

0.418

0.401

 Lower back stiffness

0.469

0.470

0.440

 Facial pain

0.500

0.485

0.485

 Hand pain

0.504

0.459

0.462

 Foot pain

0.605

0.455

0.562

 Shoulder pain

0.452

0.445

0.405

 Back pain

0.481

0.501

0.482

 Hip pain

0.593

0.498

0.586

 Knee pain

0.595

0.564

0.648

 Numbness face

0.478

0.477

0.455

 Numbness hands

0.538

0.489

0.531

 Numbness legs

0.615

0.501

0.617

 Numbness back

0.498

0.481

0.478

 Trembling face

0.489

0.511

0.500

 Trembling hands

0.513

0.447

0.461

 Trembling legs

0.478

0.507

0.485

 Hie general

0.452

0.529

0.482

 Hie hands

0.465

0.439

0.403

 Hie legs

0.550

0.459

0.491

 Hie lower back

0.520

0.460

0.482

 Heat face

0.240

0.595

0.348

 Heat hands

0.446

0.539

0.485

 Heat legs

0.455

0.540

0.494

 Edema face

0.454

0.565

0.513

 Edema hands

0.464

0.570

0.531

 Edema legs

0.458

0.534

0.495

 Headache

0.357

0.604

0.457

 Sluggishness

0.405

0.482

0.400

 Vertigo

0.480

0.495

0.477

 Lightheadedness

0.432

0.514

0.452

 Dandruff

0.544

0.466

0.510

 Hair loss

0.430

0.522

0.449

 Decreased visual acuity

0.457

0.492

0.455

 Eyestrain

0.338

0.549

0.401

 Blurred vision

0.442

0.559

0.500

 Bleary eyes

0.298

0.604

0.411

 Dark circles of the eyes

0.407

0.512

0.425

 Sneezing

0.497

0.560

0.555

 White nasal discharge (Bi)

0.467

0.477

0.444

 Yellow nasal discharge (Bi)

0.508

0.511

0.519

 Post nasal drip

0.496

0.426

0.418

 Stuffy nose

0.533

0.445

0.477

 Nosebleed

0.489

0.481

0.470

 Mouth bitter

0.490

0.468

0.457

 Saliva comes out

0.488

0.522

0.509

 Throat pain

0.482

0.482

0.464

 Throat jams

0.395

0.583

0.481

 Thirsty

0.529

0.493

0.523

 Dry mouth

0.456

0.461

0.420

 Dry lips

0.496

0.423

0.413

 Take water often

0.468

0.522

0.496

 Tinnitus

0.491

0.536

0.527

 Hearing loss

0.637

0.481

0.618

 Cough

0.477

0.509

0.485

 White sputum (Bi)

0.562

0.431

0.492

 Yellow sputum (Bi)

0.517

0.481

0.497

 Asthma

0.476

0.533

0.509

 Shortness of breath

0.512

0.417

0.428

 Palpitation

0.368

0.414

0.280

 Chest pain

0.503

0.466

0.470

 Burp

0.429

0.525

0.457

 Heartburn

0.508

0.522

0.533

 Epigastric jamming discomfort

0.494

0.451

0.445

 Nausea

0.477

0.469

0.448

 Vomiting

0.500

0.485

0.485

 Motion sickness

0.489

0.508

0.500

 Stomach fullness

0.498

0.518

0.513

 Stomach rumbling

0.476

0.408

0.386

 Flaturence

0.537

0.507

0.547

 Sleepy after eating

0.393

0.587

0.481

 Abdominal pain

0.525

0.409

0.438

  Abdominal pain fasting (Bi)

0.519

0.455

0.473

  Abdominal pain after eating (Bi)

0.509

0.455

0.464

  Abdominal pain at upper (Bi)

0.500

0.470

0.470

  Abdominal pain at lower (Bi)

0.526

0.465

0.492

 Hand stiffness

0.460

0.556

0.513

 Lower extremities weakness

0.589

0.450

0.543

 Legs fluctuates

0.669

0.466

0.637

 Leg spasms

0.598

0.541

0.655

 Frost bite

0.487

0.517

0.504

 Heavy menstrual flow (Female, Bi)

0.435

0.565

0.500

 Less menstrual flow (Female, Bi)

0.435

0.489

0.424

 Menstruation textile (Female)

0.370

0.533

0.409

 Menstrual pain (Female)

0.359

0.586

0.439

 Irregular menstruation (Female, Bi)

0.402

0.507

0.409

 Delivery (Female, Bi)

0.466

0.460

0.426

 Spontaneous abortion (Female, Bi)

0.458

0.537

0.495

 Induced abortion (Female, Bi)

0.514

0.472

0.486

 Pregnancy toxemia (Female, Bi)

0.498

0.496

0.494

 Abnormal bleeding (Female, Bi)

0.478

0.507

0.485

 Excess-Deficiency pattern (Five categories)

0.624

0.856

0.899

 Cold pattern (Bi)

0.479

0.532

0.511

 Heat pattern (Bi)

0.251

0.653

0.404

 Female sex (Bi)

0.324

0.530

0.354

 Age

0.861

0.422

0.839

 Body mass index

0.589

0.878

0.887