Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

How to promote adverse drug reaction reports using information systems – a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making volume 16, Article number: 27 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a well-recognized public health problem and a major cause of death and hospitalization in developed countries. The safety of a new drug cannot be established until it has been on the market for several years. Keeping drug reactions under surveillance through pharmacovigilance systems is indispensable. However, underreporting is a major issue that undermines the effectiveness of spontaneous reports. Our work presents a systematic review on the use of information systems for the promotion of ADR reporting. The aim of this work is to describe the state of the art information systems used to promote adverse drug reaction reporting.

Methods

A systematic review was performed with quantitative analysis of studies describing or evaluating the use of information systems to promote adverse drug reaction reporting. Studies with data related to the number of ADRs reported before and after each intervention and the follow-up period were included in the quantitative analysis.

Results

From a total of 3865 articles, 33 articles were included in the analysis; these articles described 29 different projects. Most of the projects were on a regional scale (62 %) and were performed in a hospital context (52 %). A total of 76 % performed passive promotion of ADR reporting and used web-based software (55 %). A total of 72 % targeted healthcare professionals and 24 % were oriented to patient ADR reporting. We performed a meta-analysis of 7 of the 29 projects to calculate the aggregated measure of the ADR reporting increase, which had an overall measure of 2.1 (indicating that the interventions doubled the number of ADRs reported).

Conclusions

We found that most of the projects performed passive promotion of ADR reporting (i.e., facilitating the process). They were developed in hospitals and were tailored to healthcare professionals. These interventions doubled the number of ADR reports. We believe that it would be useful to develop systems to assist healthcare professionals with completing ADR reporting within electronic health records because this approach seems to be an efficient method to increase the ADR reporting rate. When this approach is not possible, it is essential to have a tool that is easily accessible on the web to report ADRs. This tool can be promoted by sending emails or through the inclusion of direct hyperlinks on healthcare professionals’ desktops.

Peer Review reports

Background

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a well-recognized public health problem worldwide and a major cause of death and hospitalization in developed countries [1]. Rare and long-term ADRs are difficult to detect during the drug development stage. Detecting new ADRs not previously identified during clinical trials is only possible when the drug begins to be used by a large population after marketing authorization (MA). The safety of a new drug cannot be established until it has been on the market for several years [2]. As such, it is indispensable to keep drug reactions under close surveillance after commercialization through a pharmacovigilance system to continuously evaluate the drug’s safety profile. In most countries, the pharmacovigilance system is based on spontaneous ADR reports made by healthcare professionals and consumers [3]. These reports can be made using paper, telephone, e-mail or through an on-line form and consist of a description of an adverse event apparently caused by a medicine. Spontaneous ADR reporting has been described as an efficient method to detect drug safety signs [4]; however, underreporting is a major issue that undermines the effectiveness of spontaneous reports. Several studies have suggested that less than 10 % of detected ADRs are effectively reported to medicine regulatory authorities [5, 6].

Worldwide, systems using informatics to promote ADR reporting or to detect the occurrence of ADRs in healthcare institutions have been tested and used, such as computer programs that allow voluntary and automated detection of ADR [7, 8] informatics tools created to analyse clinical databases [9] or websites that actively inform healthcare professionals [10].

In addition to signal detection, information and communication technologies can also be used to encourage and facilitate reporting of suspected ADR.

In the present work, a systematic review is presented on the use of information systems in pharmacovigilance. Our main goal is to describe the state of the art information systems for the passive or active promotion of adverse drug reaction reporting.

Methods

Eligible studies

Studies describing or evaluating the use of information systems to promote adverse drug reaction reports were selected.

Review team

The review team is composed of two pharmacists who are experts in pharmacovigilance (Inês Ribeiro Vaz (IV) and Ana Marta Silva (AS)) and the computer scientist Ricardo Cruz Correia (RC), who is an expert in medical informatics.

Search methods

Studies were searched in April 2014 in the bibliographic databases. We developed a search query that included the concepts adverse drug reaction, adverse drug reaction reporting system, pharmacovigilance and information system. Only articles written in English, Portuguese or French were included. We did not establish any criteria for the publication date.

Four distinct bibliographic databases were searched: Medline (via PubMed); ISI (ISI Web of Knowledge); IEEE (IEEE Xplore) and Scopus. The query search string used in Medline® was ((ADR OR “adverse drug reaction” OR “adverse drug reactions” OR “adverse drug event” OR “adverse drug events” OR “adverse dug effect” OR “adverse drug effects”) OR “pharmacovigilance”). A similar query was used in the other databases and was adapted to the search engine.

Selection of studies for the review

The first selection was based on the study title and abstract (when available). Two reviewers on the review team (IV and AS) were involved in study selection and read all titles/abstracts. The study was considered eligible when at least one of the reviewers decided that the title/abstract mentioned the key concept of using information systems for ADR reporting. In cases of disagreement, a consensus meeting was held with the third reviewer (RC) to decide whether the article should be selected.

The second phase of study selection was based on the full text. The team leader (IV) reviewed each full-text article. In this stage, articles were excluded based on the following criteria: (1) the articles were only focused on medication errors; (2) the articles focused on ADR detection; (3) the articles were studies without any information system implemented; (4) the articles were studies concerning data quality; (5) the articles were studies focused on website usability; (6) the articles were only the authors’ reflections on the theme; (7) the articles were studies only related to incidents that occurred in health institutions; (8) the articles were studies concerning signal detection and (9) the articles were studies concerning electronic transmission between the authority and other institutions (pharmaceutical companies or regional pharmacovigilance centres).

The articles remaining after this review were included in the final statistical analysis.

These articles were grouped into research projects to avoid the distortion created by multiple papers describing the same project (Fig. 1). All statistical analyses were based on the projects and not on the articles.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flowchart of the study selection

Full size image

Definition of variables

The variables examined in these reviews were related to the projects, papers and information systems described in each project.

We used the following data for project identification: (1) project number; (2) Information system name (if any); (3) country; (4) publication date; (5) type of study and (6) reference(s).

According to the description of the projects, the following variables were analysed:

  1. 1.

    Area covered by the project (i.e., region, country, or hospital)

  2. 2.

    Type of action promoted by the project (passive promotion of ADR reporting or active promotion of ADR reporting)

  3. 3.

    Type of software (i.e., web-based or mobile)

  4. 4.

    Type of institution (i.e., regulatory authority or universities)

  5. 5.

    Target (healthcare professionals or patients)

  6. 6.

    Type of medicine (all, vaccines, chemotherapy, or others)

  7. 7.

    Type of ADR (all/serious ADRs based on the World Health Organization seriousness criteria [11])

Statistical analysis

The inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis were the availability of data related to the number of ADRs reported before and after each intervention and a follow-up period.

Studies that only disclosed the increased ADR rate and studies that reported zero ADRs before the project implementation were excluded because it was not possible to perform the analysis in these cases.

For each study with available data, the rate of ADRs reporting increase (quotient between ADR reports after and ADR reports before) and the respective 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. A rate of ADR reporting increase equal to 2 indicated that the ADR reports doubled after the intervention. Conversely, a rate of ADR reporting increase equal to 1 indicated that the number of ADR reports after the intervention was equal to the number of ADR reports before the intervention. The aggregated rate of the ADR reporting increase was calculated with the inverse variance method using a random effects model and a forest plot was presented. The confidence intervals, aggregated rate of ADRs and forest plot were performed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The description of the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the respective statistical methods used were described by Neyeloff [12].

Results

Our search method found 2519 articles in PubMed, 68 in IEEE, 2603 in ISI and 192 in Scopus. After eliminating duplicate articles, 3835 articles were selected.

Two reviewers (IV and AS) read all 3835 titles/abstracts. In cases of disagreement, which occurred with 151 articles, a consensus meeting was held with the third reviewer (RC) to decide whether the article should be selected.

A total of 643 studies were excluded because they were not related to pharmacovigilance, 85 were excluded because they were not related to information systems and 2993 were excluded for other reasons (mostly because their focus was on data mining in large databases instead of ADR reporting).

A total of 114 of the 3835 articles were selected in this first selection based on the title and abstract.

The team leader (IV) reviewed each of the 114 full-text articles. After this review, 33 articles remained for the final statistical analysis. At this stage, most of the articles were excluded because: (1) they were only related to medication errors; (2) they were focused on ADR detection; (3) they were studies without any information system implemented; (4) they were studies concerning data quality; (5) they were studies focused on website usability; (6) they were only authors’ reflections on the theme; (7) they were studies only related to incidents that occurred at health institutions; (8) they were studies concerning signal detection or (9) they were studies concerning electronic transmission between the authority and other institutions (pharmaceutical companies or regional pharmacovigilance centres).

These 33 articles were grouped into 29 distinct research projects to avoid the distortion created by multiple papers describing the same project (Fig. 1.). All statistical analyses was based on projects and not on articles.

Table 1 lists all 29 projects, their country, the number of publications, the publication year and the journal. The country with the most published projects was the USA (11), followed by the United Kingdom (3).

Table 1 Project identification
Full size table

Trends

There was an increasing trend in publication, especially after 2009 (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Number of publications by year

Full size image

Qualitative analysis

The qualitative variables analysed in each project are listed in Table 2 and described below. Globally, we found that there was an increase in the publication of projects over the study period, with 4 projects published before 2001, 4 projects between 2005 and 2007, 8 projects between 2008 and 2010 and 13 projects between 2011 and 2013.

Table 2 Qualitative analysis of the projects
Full size table

Geographic area covered by the projects

Most of the projects were regional (62 %), followed by national projects (34 %). We found only 1 international project based on Facebook®. This international project was developed in the last time period (2011–2013).

Areas covered by the projects

Most of the projects (52 %) were developed in hospitals, followed by community projects (21 %). A total of 14 % covered primary care institutions and 10 % (3 projects) were developed for use in any type of healthcare institution. One project was dedicated to a multicentre clinical trial. We also found that all of the projects oriented to the community were developed in the last 3 years (2011–2013).

Types of actions promoted by the projects

The majority of the projects passively promoted ADR reporting (76 %); the remainder actively promoted reporting (24 %).

Types of software

More than half of the projects (55 %) used web-based technology and 41 % used electronic health records. Only one project used mobile phone technology. There was an increasing trend in software using web-based technology over all of the time intervals considered. The mobile technology appeared during the last time period.

Types of institutions promoting the studies

Most of the projects were promoted by hospitals and universities (31 % ex aequo). There were 4 projects developed by national institutions (not regulatory) and 5 projects implemented by regulatory authorities.

Targets

A total of 72 % of the projects were geared to healthcare professionals, 24 % to patients and one project was geared to both targets. Most of the projects targeting patient ADR reporting were developed in the last years considered (2011–2013).

Types of medicine

Most of the projects (72 %) covered all medicines, but 17 % were specific to vaccines. There were also projects specific to reporting ADRs due to chemotherapy, human albumin and radiopaque agents (1 project for each of these medicines).

Types of ADR

Only a small percentage of the projects were specific for serious adverse drug reactions. The majority (93 %) covered all ADR.

Quantitative analysis

From the 29 projects analysed, seven projects met the criteria for inclusion in the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis). The criteria used were the availability of data related to the number of ADR reported before and after each intervention and a follow-up period.

From the seven projects included in the quantitative analysis, six had the same follow-up period (12 months) and only one (project 14) differed on this item (18 months of follow-up). The results are described in Table 3.

Table 3 Intervention effect on ADR reporting increase
Full size table

We performed a meta-analysis with these seven projects to calculate the aggregated measure of the ADR reporting increase. The overall measure was 2.1, which indicated that the interventions performed in the analysed projects doubled the number of ADR reports (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Rate (ADR reports after/ADR reports before) of ADR report increase (95 % IC)

Full size image

Projects 14, 7 and 6, which had similar ADR reporting increases, used different approaches. The authors of project 14 assessed an online ADR reporting form, in project 7 the authors send repeated e-mails with ADR information to healthcare professionals and project 6 evaluated the inclusion of a reporting system inside the clinical information system.

Four of the information systems that contributed to the improvement of ADR reporting used web-based technology. Two used an online reporting form (Project 14 [13] and Project 27 [14]) to facilitate ADR reporting. A Swedish group opted to evaluate the effect of repeated emails to health care professionals that contained attached ADR information (Project 7 [15]). A Portuguese study tested the inclusion of hyperlinks to the online ADR reporting form on hospitals’ electronic patient records (Project 20 [16]) to facilitate access to the ADR form.

Three projects explored the use of electronic health records to directly report the ADRs (projects 29, 6 and 17). Among these, project 29 [17], which had the best result in terms of the ADR reporting increase, was a system that completed the ADR report whenever a physician required assistance.

Discussion

Although a limited number of projects was included in our work (n = 29), our data suggest that the number of projects that aimed to promote ADR reporting using information technologies increased over time.

Study selection was performed as a manual review; this approach caused a huge workload because we obtained more than 3000 articles. An optimized query would reduce the workload but lose sensitivity.

As expected, most of the projects that aimed to promote adverse drug reactions reporting were developed in hospitals and tailored to healthcare professionals. In fact, most of the serious ADRs were detected in hospitals and reported by healthcare professionals [18]. For example, in Europe direct reporting (ADRs reported by patients) has only been allowed for every country since 2012 [19]. This finding may also explain why most of the projects that targeted direct ADR reporting were developed in the last 3 years of the study period (2011–2013) [18, 20–22].

Most of the authors chose to develop systems for the passive promotion of ADR reporting because busy healthcare professionals only submit their suspected ADR if it does not increase their workload [23, 24]. Active promotion of ADR reporting is difficult and not always ethically acceptable because no material reward can be given to the reporters. Thus, projects that aimed to actively promote ADR reporting involved teaching sessions [25] or e-mails containing ADR information [15, 18, 26, 27].

Our results suggested that there was an increasing trend in the use of web-based software to promote ADR reporting, which could be explained by the dissemination of internet use. Nevertheless, mobile technology was also appearing.

Most of the retrieved projects covered all medicines and ADR, whereas only a few were specific. However, we found 5 projects dedicated to vaccine adverse reactions [21, 22, 27–29] and in the last 3 years two projects were developed to specifically report serious ADR [18, 22].

The institutions that primarily promoted this work were universities and hospitals because universities have the know-how to perform these actions and hospitals have specific needs to be solved. However, regulatory authorities have been increasing their involvement in the development of this type of project.

A limitation of this study is that a grey literature search was not performed. However, we think that this lack does not cause a large bias because regulatory authorities are less likely to produce this type of project. When regulatory authorities are involved in projects of this scope, they usually associate with universities and hospitals that have a greater incentive to publish.

Based on our quantitative analysis, we can conclude that all of the projects analysed increased the ADR reporting numbers (most by approximately two-fold). We found two projects that increased ADR reporting by more than two-fold [14, 17], perhaps because their basal values were much lower compared with the other five projects. A similar effect was noted previously in two other studies when the same population of health care professionals was exposed to the same educational interventions two different times [30, 31]. After the first intervention, the authors achieved a much higher effect and ADR reporting increased compared to the second intervention due to the differences in the initial values.

In our quantitative analysis, we found a limitation concerning the aggregation of the information because we found only 7 studies that provided data concerning its impact on the increase in ADR reporting. These data were not available for the other studies even after we contacted the authors. However, we did not identify any variable that could distinguish these 7 projects from the other 22 projects. We must reiterate the importance of providing quantitative data when publishing studies focused on interventions that aim to promote ADR reporting.

Worldwide underreporting of ADR is a major concern, and many institutions are aware that it is feasible to use information systems to improve ADR reporting. The most commonly used platform is web-based and exhibits an increasing trend, but interventions inside electronic health records also have the potential to improve pharmacovigilance activities and particularly ADR reporting. Direct ADR reporting is being increasingly taken into account when the aim is to improve information on drug safety.

Based on our results, we believe that it would be useful to adopt a system to assist healthcare professionals with completing ADR reporting within electronic health records because this approach seems to be an efficient method to increase the ADR reporting rate. When this approach is not possible, it is essential to have a tool that is easily accessible on the web to report ADR. This tool can be promoted by sending emails or through the inclusion of direct hyperlinks on healthcare professionals’ desktops.

Conclusions

Our systematic review allowed us to note some facts about interventions that aim to improve ADR reporting using information systems. According to our aggregation analysis, these interventions doubled the number of ADR reports. We also found that most projects passively promoted ADR reporting (facilitating the reporting process) and the countries involved in this type of project were Northern America countries (USA and Canada), European countries and in a smaller number Far East countries.

References

  1. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279(15):1200–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lasser K, Allen P, Woolhandler S, Himmlstein F, Wolfe S, Bor D. Timing of New black Box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287(17):2215–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Estatuto do Medicamento. Decreto-Lei n.º 176/2006, de 30 de Agosto.

  4. Walker R, Edwards C. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 3ª ed. Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 2003

  5. McGettigan P, Golden J, Conroy RM, Arthur N, Feely J. Reporting of adverse drug reactions by hospital doctors and the response to intervention. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44(1):98–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Smith CC, Bennett PM, Pearce HM, Harrison PI, Reynolds DJ, Aronson JK, et al. Adverse drug reactions in a hospital general medical unit meriting notification to the committee on safety of medicines. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;42(4):423–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP. Computerized surveillance of adverse drug events in hospital patients. 1991. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005;14(3):221–5. discussion 5–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP. Description of a computerized adverse drug event monitor using a hospital information system. Hosp Pharm. 1992;27(9):774. 6–9, 83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bates DW, Evans RS, Murff H, Stetson PD, Pizziferri L, Hripcsak G. Detecting adverse events using information technology. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003;10(2):115–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Polimeni G, Russo A, Catania MA, Aiello A, Oteri A, Trifiro G, et al. Drug safety information through the internet: the experience of an Italian website. Drug Safety Int J Med Toxicol Drug Exp. 2009;32(3):245–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. World Health Organization. The Uppsala Monitoring Centre Uppsala WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring [09 Aug 2013]. Available from: http://www.who-umc.org/DynPage.aspx?id=22682.

  12. Neyeloff JL, Fuchs SC, Moreira LB. Meta-analyses and Forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Abadie D, Chebane L, Bert M, Durrieu G, Montastruc JL. Online reporting of adverse drug reactions: a study from a French regional pharmacovigilance center. Therapie. 2014;69(5):395–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang CY, Hsieh YW, Lin WL, Wu HC. The evaluation of ADR online reporting of radiopaque agents in a university hospital in Taiwan. Value Health. 2010;13(7):A510. A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Johansson M-L, Brunloef G, Edward C, Wallerstedt SM. Effects of e-mails containing ADR information and a current case report on ADR reporting rate and quality of reports. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65(5):511–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ribeiro-Vaz I, Santos C, Da Costa-Pereira A, Cruz-Correia R. Promoting spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting in hospitals using a hyperlink to the online reporting form: An ecological study in Portugal. Drug Saf. 2012;35(5):387–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lander AR, Blicher TM, Jimenez-Solem E, Jespersen M, Kampmann JP, Christensen HR. Introducing an adverse drug event manager. Eur J Hospital Pharmacy-Sci Practice. 2013;20(2):78–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Adams SA. Using patient-reported experiences for pharmacovigilance? Studies Health Tech Inform. 2013;194:63–8.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Herdeiro MT, Ferreira M, Ribeiro-Vaz I, Junqueira Polonia J, Costa-Pereira A. The portuguese pharmacovigilance system. Acta Med Port. 2012;25(4):241–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Knezevic MZ, Bivolarevic IC, Peric TS, Jankovic SM. Using facebook to increase spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions. Drug Saf. 2011;34(4):351–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Haber P, Iskander J, Walton K, Campbell SR, Kohl KS. Internet-based reporting to the vaccine adverse event reporting system: a more timely and complete way for providers to support vaccine safety. Pediatrics. 2011;127 Suppl 1:S39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baron S, Goutard F, Nguon K, Tarantola A. Use of a text message-based pharmacovigilance tool in Cambodia: pilot study. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(4):e68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Hickner J, Zafar A, Kuo GM, Fagnan LJ, Forjuoh SN, Knox LM, et al. Field test results of a New ambulatory care medication error and adverse drug event reporting system-MEADERS. Ann Fam Med. 2010;8(6):517–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Waller PC. Making the most of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006;98(3):320–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Basch E, Artz D, Iasonos A, Speakman J, Shannon K, Lin K, et al. Evaluation of an online platform for cancer patient self-reporting of chemotherapy toxicities. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(3):264–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Jean Pastor MJ, Affaton MF, Prost N, Rodor F. Pharmacovigilance information via electronic mail. Fundamental Clin Pharmacol. 2001;15:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Lapphra K, Dobson S, Bettinger JA. Acceptability of Internet adverse event self-reporting for pandemic and seasonal influenza immunization among health care workers. Vaccine. 2010;28(38):6199–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Olmsted SS, Grabenstein JD, Jain AK, Comerford W, Giambo P, Johnson P, et al. Use of an electronic monitoring system for self-reporting smallpox vaccine reactions. Biosecurity Bioterrorism-Biodefense Strategy Practice Sci. 2005;3(3):198–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hinrichsen VL, Kruskal B, O'Brien MA, Lieu TA, Platt R. Vaccine Safety Datalink T. Using electronic medical records to enhance detection and reporting of vaccine adverse events. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(6):731–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ribeiro-Vaz I, Herdeiro MT, Polonia J, Figueiras A. Strategies to increase the sensitivity of pharmacovigilance in Portugal. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(1):129–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Herdeiro MT, Polonia J, Gestal-Otero JJ, Figueiras A. Improving the reporting of adverse drug reactions : a cluster-randomized trial among pharmacists in portugal. Drug safety Int J Med Toxicol Drug Exp. 2008;31(4):335–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP. Description of a computerized adverse drug event monitor using a hospital information system. Hosp Pharm. 1992;27(9):776–83.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kataoka S, Ohe K, Mochizuki M, Ueda S. Developing and integrating an adverse drug reaction reporting system with the Hospital Information System. Yakugaku Zasshi-J Pharmaceutical Soc Japan. 2002;122(1):113–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee SB, Schepers GP, Goldberg KL. Electronic adverse-drug-reaction-reporting program. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004;61(12):1230−+.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Basch E, Artz D, Dulko D, Scher K, Sabbatini P, Hensley M, et al. Patient online self-reporting of toxicity symptoms during chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(15):3552–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Basch E, Iasonos A, Barz A, Culkin A, Kris MG, Artz D, et al. Long-term toxicity monitoring via electronic patient-reported outcomes in patients receiving chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(34):5374–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Olmsted SS, Grabenstein JD, Jain AK, Lurie N. Patient experience with, and use of, an electronic monitoring system to assess vaccination responses. Health Expect. 2006;9(2):110–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Zafar A, Center APR. MEADERS: Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Event Reporting system. AMIA Annual Symposium proceedings/AMIA Symposium AMIA Symposium. 2007. p. 1167.

  39. Ortega A, Aguinagalde A, Lacasa C, Aquerreta I, Fernandez-Benitez M, Fernandez LM. Efficacy of an adverse drug reaction electronic reporting system integrated into a hospital information system. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(10):1491–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Daniels JP, King AD, Cochrane DD, Carr R, Shaw NT, Lim J, et al. A human factors and survey methodology-based design of a web-based adverse event reporting system for families. Int J Med Inform. 2010;79(5):339–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Linder JA, Haas JS, Iyer A, Labuzetta MA, Ibara M, Celeste M, et al. Secondary use of electronic health record data: spontaneous triggered adverse drug event reporting. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(12):1211–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lynn RM, Riding K, McIntosh N. The use of electronic reporting to aid surveillance of ADRs in children: a proof of concept study. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(4):262–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhao W, Waldman BD, Dillon C, Pauls K, Kim J, Patterson L, et al. A web-based medical safety reporting system for a large multicenter clinical trial: The ALIAS experience. Contemp Clin Trials. 2010;31(6):536–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Haw C, Cahill C. A computerized system for reporting medication events in psychiatry: the first two years of operation. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2011;18(4):308–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Barrow PL, Jadeja M, Foy M. Establishing electronic adverse drug reaction reporting in UK primary care clinical IT systems. Drug Saf. 2012;35(10):909–10.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lee J-H, Park KH, Moon HJ, Lee YW, Park J-W, Hong C-S. Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions through electronic submission from regional society healthcare professionals in Korea. Yonsei Med J. 2012;53(5):1022–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Yanqing J, Fangyang S, Tran J. A high performance agent-based system for reporting suspected adverse drug reactions. Las Vegas: Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG); 2012. Ninth International Conference on; 2012 16–18 April 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Pares Y, Declerck G, Hussain S, Ng R, Jaulent M-C. Building a time-saving and adaptable tool to report adverse drug events. Stud Health Tech Inform. 2013;192:903–7.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Canadell Vilarrasa L, Mota Almeida M, Almeida Perez RS, Torrent Pou J, Castillo Palomares L, Martin Marques M, et al. Electronic health record improves adverse drug reactions reports. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35(6):1337.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Daniel Pereira for the development of the informatics tool used for the abstract/title screening.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northern Pharmacovigilance Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal

    Inês Ribeiro-Vaz & Ana-Marta Silva

  2. Center for Health Technology and Service Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Inês Ribeiro-Vaz, Ana-Marta Silva, Cristina Costa Santos & Ricardo Cruz-Correia

  3. Health Information and Decision Sciences Department (CIDES), Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal

    Cristina Costa Santos & Ricardo Cruz-Correia

Authors
  1. Inês Ribeiro-Vaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ana-Marta Silva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cristina Costa Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ricardo Cruz-Correia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Inês Ribeiro-Vaz.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

IV and RC were responsible for the development of the query. IV also performed data collection and was the team leader for article screening and the writing of the manuscript. AS performed the article screening. RC was involved on the article selection when there was disagreement between the other two reviewers (IV and AS). CS performed the quantitative analysis. All four authors were involved in the writing of the manuscript, discussion and the revision of the whole article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ribeiro-Vaz, I., Silva, AM., Costa Santos, C. et al. How to promote adverse drug reaction reports using information systems – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 16, 27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0265-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0265-8

Keywords

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

ISSN: 1472-6947

Contact us