Fig. 7

Explore causal relationship (12,960 patients). a There were 70.2 % of the patients who took HD in the first year of CKD did not develop any other factors, while the rest of them either took PD, RTPL, or died. b After filtering the unconfident associations, the remaining associations only covers 17.4 % of the population. c To perform hierarchical clustering on the patients at the pre-CKD stage and generate ten groups of similar patients. d When we highlighted the group who had a common factor of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we found that none of them took the more serious procedures such as renal transplantation or died. Note: There are three groups labelled “*” because of the groups have no common factor shared by all members in the group