Table 2 Characteristics of models externally validated
From: Systematic review of prognostic models in traumatic brain injury
Author | Derivation sample | Validation sample | Predictors | Outcomes | Performance in the validation sample | Presentation of a simplified score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pillai et al. | 208 patients from India with severe TBI | 26 patients from the same centre | 1-oculocephalic reflex 2-motor GCS 3-midline shift | Death or vegetative state | Sensitivity (75%) Specificity (67%) PPV 50% | No |
Signorini et al | 372 patients from Scotland with moderate and severe TBI | 520 patients from the same centre | 1-GCS 2-ISS 3-pupils reactivity and 4-haematoma (CT scan) | Survival at 1 year | A.U.R.O.C (0.835) Error rate (15.2%) Brier score (0.1160) Hosmer-Lemeshow (p < 0.001) | Nomogram |
Signorini et al | 110 patients from Scotland with moderate and severe TBI | 140 patients from the same centre | 1-GCS 2-ISS 3-pupils reactivity and 4-haematoma (CT scan) 5-ICP measures | Survival at 1 year | Not reported | No |
Hukkelhoven et al. | 134 patients from Netherlands with moderate and severe TBI | 180 patients from the same centre | 1-age 2-motor GCS 3-pupils reactivity 4-pupillary size 5-hypotension 6-ISS | Raised ICP | A.U.R.O.C. (0.50) Hosmer-Lemeshow (p = 0.18) | No |
Hukkelhoven et al. | 275 patients from Netherlands with moderate and severe TBI | 250 patients from the same centre | 1-age 2-cause of injury 3-pupils reactivity 4-pupillary size 5-hypotension 6-ISS | Surgical removable lesions | A.U.R.O.C. (0.67) Hosmer-Lemeshow (p = 0.01) | No |
Hukkelhoven et al. | 2269 patients from 2 trials in high income countries with moderate and severe TBI | 796 patients from Europe | 1-age 2-motorGCS 3-pupils reactivity 4-hypoxia 5-hypotension 6-CT classification 7-subarachnoid haemorrhage | Death or disability at 6 months | A.U.R.O.C. (0.83) Hosmer-Lemeshow (p = 0.05) | Score chart |
Hukkelhoven et al. | 2269 patients from 2 trials in high income countries with moderate and severe TBI | 796 patients from Europe and 746 from the United States | 1-age 2-motor GCS 3-pupils reactivity 4-hypoxia 5-hypotension 6-CT classification 7-subarachnoid haemorrhage | Death at 6 months | A.U.R.O.C. (0.87/0.89) Hosmer-Lemeshow (p = 0.42/<0.001) | Score chart |