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Table 2 Characteristics of population- and patient-oriented research
| Population-oriented research | Patient-oriented research |
|---|---|
| Paradigm: Randomized clinical trials | No paradigm: observational and experimental research |
| Focuses on the “generalization” of results | Focuses on the “individualization” of results |
| Efficacy in average patients | Effectiveness in subgroups of patients and individual patients |
| Absolute efficacy | Comparative effectiveness |
| Identify the percentage of patients who will respond to an intervention | Identify which options are more effective for which patients |
| Evaluation of interventions | Evaluation of patients and their diseases |
| Analysis of homogeneity | Analysis of heterogeneity |
| A posteriori subgroup analysis | Subgroups identified a priori |
| Aggregation: the study of commonalities | Disaggregation: the study of differences |
| Inductive logic | Hypothetic-deductive logic |
| Exploratory observations and confirmatory trials | Exploratory trials and confirmatory observations |
| Minimizes the value of observations, exceptions, and case series | Assigns greater value to observations, exceptions, and case series |
| Distinction between clinical practice and research | Integration of clinical practice and research |
| From bench-to-bedside | From bedside-to-bench |
| Evidence-based medicine | Medicine-based evidence |
