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Paradigm: Randomized clinical trials
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No paradigm: observational and experimental research
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Focuses on the “generalization” of results
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Focuses on the “individualization” of results
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Efficacy in average patients
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Effectiveness in subgroups of patients and individual patients
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Absolute efficacy
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Comparative effectiveness
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Identify the percentage of patients who will respond to an intervention
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Identify which options are more effective for which patients
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Evaluation of interventions
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Evaluation of patients and their diseases
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Analysis of homogeneity
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Analysis of heterogeneity
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A posteriori subgroup analysis
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Subgroups identified a priori
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Aggregation: the study of commonalities
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Disaggregation: the study of differences
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Inductive logic
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Hypothetic-deductive logic
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Exploratory observations and confirmatory trials
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Exploratory trials and confirmatory observations
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Minimizes the value of observations, exceptions, and case series
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Assigns greater value to observations, exceptions, and case series
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Distinction between clinical practice and research
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Integration of clinical practice and research
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From bench-to-bedside
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From bedside-to-bench
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Evidence-based medicine
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Medicine-based evidence
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