Diabetic retinopathy risk prediction for fundus examination using sparse learning: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Diabetic retinopathy risk predictors identified by LASSO

		Scenario 1 (DE + MH + BP)		Scenario 2 (DE + MH + BP + BT)		Scenario 3 (DE + MH + BP + BT + UT)		Reference No.
		β*	Std β ^†	β*	Std β ^†	β*	Std β ^†
Demographics
	Sex (female)	0.199	0.099					[50]
	Age (years)	−0.022	−0.260	−0.007	−0.077	−0.012	−0.146	[42, 43]
	Current smoke	0.216	0.088	0.532	0.218	0.469	0.192	[2, 41]
	Alcohol (>1 serving/week)	−0.039	−0.019	−0.159	−0.077	−0.137	−0.066	[48]
	Physical activity (MET h/week)	0.005	0.058					[41]
	BMI (kg/m²)	−0.058	−0.197	−0.059	−0.202	−0.082	−0.281	[44]
Medical history
	Duration of diabetes (years)	0.054	0.376	0.027	0.186	0.027	0.187	[2, 50]
	Diagnosed diabetes	0.242	0.100	0.592	0.244	0.427	0.176	[2]
	Insulin therapy	1.012	0.237	1.117	0.261	0.956	0.224	[45]
	Diagnosed hypertension	−0.228	−0.227					[2]
	Drug for hyperlipidemia	−0.036	−0.014			−0.028	−0.011	[2, 41]
Blood pressure
	Diastolic BP (mmHg)	−0.007	−0.067	−0.007	−0.066	−0.004	−0.041	[9]
Blood test
	HbA1c (%)			0.103	0.155	0.054	0.081	[2, 8]
	FPG (mg/dL)			0.009	0.402	0.008	0.339	[2]
	Hemoglobin (g/dL)			−0.230	−0.036	−0.256	−0.040	[41]
	TG (mg/dL)			0.002	0.298	0.002	0.322	[47, 50]
	HDL (mg/dL)			−0.003	−0.030			[47]
	BUN (mg/dL)			0.037	0.177	0.037	0.181	[46]
Urine test
	Protein (+)					0.141	0.148	[24, 43]
	Glucose (+)					0.442	0.191	[24]
	Ketone (+)					−0.111	−0.036
	Bilirubin (+)					0.118	0.041
	Blood (+)					0.096	0.046

*Regression coefficient of logit operator.
^†Standardized regression coefficient of logit operator.
BMI Body mass index, BP Blood pressure, BT Blood test, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, DE Demographics, FPG Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, HDL High-density lipoprotein, MH Medical history, TG Triglyceride, UT Urine test.

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