Health numeracy in Japan: measures of basic numeracy account for framing bias in a highly numerate population

Okamoto, Masako; Kyutoku, Yasushi; Sawada, Manabu; Clowney, Lester; Watanabe, Eiju; Dan, Ippeita; Kawamoto, Keiko

doi:10.1186/1472-6947-12-104

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Table 2 Questionnaire items, correct response rate, and factor loading for each item for Schwartz-J and LipkusJ

From: Health numeracy in Japan: measures of basic numeracy account for framing bias in a highly numerate population

Question	Answered correctly^a	Schwartz-J^c		Lipkus-J^d
		Factor loading^b	Communality (h²)	Factor loading^b	Communality (h²)
1 Imagine that we rolled a fair, six-sided die 1,000 times. Out of 1,000 rolls,how many times do you think the die would come up even (2, 4, or 6)?	85(55)	0.66	0.43	0.68	0.46
2 *In a lottery, the chance of winning a 1,000 yen prize is 1%.What is your best guess about how many people would win a 1,000 yen prize if 1,000 people each buy a single ticket to this lottery?	82(60)	0.74	0.55	0.63	0.40
3 *In a lottery, the chance of winning a car is 1 in 1,000. What percent of tickets to this lottery win a car?	73(21)	0.66	0.43	0.61	0.37
4 Which of the following numbers represents the biggest risk of getting a disease? 1 in 100, 1 in 1000, 1 in 10	95(78)			0.90	0.81
5 Which of the following numbers represents the biggest risk of getting a disease? 1%, 10%, 5%	97(84)			0.82	0.67
6 If Person A’s risk of getting a disease is 1% in ten years, and person B’s risk is double that of A’s, what is B’s risk?	92(91)			0.78	0.61
7 If Person A’s chance of getting a disease is 1 in 100 in ten years, and person B’s risk is double that of A’s, what is B’s risk?	90(87)			0.71	0.50
8 If the chance of getting a disease is 10%, how many people would be expected toget the disease:A: Out of 100?	92(81)
9 If the chance of getting a disease is 10%, how many people would be expected toget the disease:B: Out of 1000?	91(78)			0.77	0.60
10 If the chance of getting a disease is 20 out of 100, this would be the same as having a ____% chance of getting the disease.	93(70)			0.77	0.59
11 The chance of getting a viral infection is .0005. Out of 10,000 people, about how many of them are expected to get infected?	69(49)			0.18	0.03

^aPercentage of participants who responded correctly to each item. Corresponding values on the original American study are shown in parentheses ([15], n = 463).
^bFactor loadings are shown as pattern matrix.
^cFor Schwartz-J, one factor consisting of all three items accounted for 47.1% of variance.
^dFor Lipkus-J, one factor consisting of 9 items accounted for 55.6% of variance.
*Slightly modified from the original for the Japanese context.

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ISSN: 1472-6947

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