A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination for the detection of cirrhosis

Table 2 Design and validity criteria of twelve studies that met entry criteria

FIRST AUTHOR	YEARS OF STUDY ENROLLMENT	N	DESIGN	INDEPENDANCE OF MEASUREMENTS^*	APPLICATION OF BIOPSY
Schenker	1958–1959	61	Prospective	2	All
Nakamura	1951–1961	52	Retrospective	2	All
Rankin	NS	100	Prospective	1	All
Czaja	NS	101	Prospective	1	All
Cozzolino	NS	213	Retrospective	4	All
Hay CRM	1977–1986	35	Retrospective	2	All
Lashner	1977–1981	94	Retrospective	1	All
Hay JE	1984–1987	47	Prospective	1	All
Tinè	1984–1985	277	Prospective	1	All
Marmo	1986–1990	412	Retrospective	2	All
Zoli	NS	200	Case-control	2	Control patients not biopsied
Hamberg	1968–1971	303	Prospective	2	All

^*1, test measured independant of reference standard, and reference standard measured independant of test, 2, test measured independant of reference but not vice versa, 3, reference standard measured independant of test, but not vice versa, 4, neither test nor reference standard measured independantly of each other. NS, not stated.

ISSN: 1472-6947