Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the patients (N = 4389)

Sex

0.001

 Male

2260 (68.2%)

790 (73.4%)

 Female

1053 (31.8%)

286 (26.6%)

DM

< 0.001

 None

2885 (87.1%)

853 (79.3%)

 DM

428 (12.9%)

223 (20.7%)

HTN

< 0.001

 None

2172 (65.6%)

561 (52.1%)

 HTN

1141 (34.4%)

515 (47.9%)

Smoking

0.194

 Non-smoker

1877 (56.7%)

597 (55.5%)

 Ex-smoker

845 (25.5%)

261 (24.3%)

 Current smoker

591 (17.8%)

218 (20.3%)

ECOG

< 0.001

 0

2794 (84.3%)

829 (77.0%)

 1

481 (14.5%)

221 (20.5%)

 2

31 (0.9%)

20 (1.9%)

 3

3 (0.1%)

5 (0.5%)

 4

4 (0.1%)

1 (0.1%)

Hb (g/dL)

13.8 ± 1.7

13.7 ± 1.7

0.017

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

< 0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

4.4 ± 0.4

4.3 ± 0.4

< 0.001

Calcium (mg/dL)

9.3 ± 0.9

9.2 ± 0.6

< 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73\( {\text{m}}^{2}\))

94.7 ± 15.6

77.7 ± 12.5

< 0.001

Tumor size (cm)

38.6 ± 26.8

52.4 ± 27.9

< 0.001

Tumor location

< 0.001

 exophytic

1694 (51.1%)

564 (52.4%)

 mesophytic

560 (16.9%)

133 (12.4%)

 endophytic

676 (20.4%)

167 (15.5%)

 hilar

337 (10.2%)

151 (14.0%)

 unknown

46 (1.4%)

61 (5.7%)